Oral Health-promoting Potential of Standardized Cyanthillium cinereum (Ya Dok Kao) Extract: Anti-inflammatory and Cytoprotective Activities
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.59796/jcst.V16N3.2026.196Keywords:
COX-2, flavonoids, iNOS, nitric oxide, smoking, TNF-α, oxidative stress.Abstract
Cigarette smoking causes oral inflammation, dental caries, and gingival hyperpigmentation, thereby impairing oral health and self-confidence. This study evaluated the potential of standardized Cyanthillium cinereum extract (SCCE) in oral health promotion, focusing on its anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective, antibacterial, and anti-tyrosinase activities. SCCE was prepared using microwave-assisted extraction and standardized to contain high levels of apigenin and luteolin contents. Anti-inflammatory effects were assessed in murine macrophages by measuring nitric oxide scavenging activity and the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Cytoprotective activity was evaluated in human gingival fibroblasts exposed to H₂O₂. Antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans was tested using disc diffusion method, while tyrosinase inhibitory activity was examined using enzymatic assays. SCCE effectively scavenged nitric oxide (IC50 of 189.20 mg/mL) and significantly suppressed iNOS, COX-2, and TNF-α expression in macrophages. Its activity was comparable to apigenin and luteolin, and in some assays superior to indomethacin. SCCE also protected gingival fibroblasts from H₂O₂-induced cell death, with cell viability up to 57.29 - 73.66%, though its cytotoxicity profile varied by cell type. However, SCCE demonstrated no antibacterial activity against S. mutans at 1 mg/disc and showed no significant tyrosinase inhibition. SCCE exhibits strong anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective effects, supporting its potential as a natural oral healthcare product for smokers. Despite its limited antibacterial and tyrosinase inhibitory activities, its anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties highlight its promise in mitigating smoking-related oral health problems. Further clinical studies and prototype formulation development are warranted to advance its application.
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