UTILIZATION OF WASTE BAKELITE AS A FIBER REINFORCE TO IMPROVE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55766/sujst-2024-01-e0849Keywords:
Waste plastic, Bakelite, Fiber-Reinforced Concrete, Flexural Behavior, ToxicAbstract
Waste Bakelite is mainly from automotive production, it can create waste management problems due to its toxic substances. The consensus of previous research works in waste Bakelite as aggregate in concrete mixture and mortar still has problems such as low strength and high toxics of concrete products. Selected shapes of waste Bakelite are similar to a fiber which could be used to reinforce concrete. In this research, waste Bakelite was selected into a suitable shape and was mixed with a proportion of 0%, 3%, 5%, and 7% by volume of concrete. The slump of fresh concrete, compressive strength, and flexural strength were tested. The results discovered that the addition of 3% to 7% waste Bakelite bar as a fiber had no negative significant impact on the workability of fresh concrete. In addition, the adding bar shape of waste Bakelite 5% by volume into concrete showed a positive effect on the mechanical tensile strength and flexural strength of concrete while the product shows almost non-toxics discharge from colorimetric observation.
References
ASTM C143-15. (2015). Standard Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic-Cement Concrete. ASTM International. PA. USA.
ASTM C150-99. (1999). Standard Specification for Portland Cement. ASTM International. PA. USA.
ASTM C33-99. (1999). Standard Specification for Concrete Aggregates. ASTM International. PA. USA.
ASTM C496-17. (2017). Standard Test Method for Splitting Tensile Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens. ASTM International. PA. USA.
ASTM C78-18. (2018). Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Concrete (Using Simple Beam with Third-Point Loading). ASTM International. PA. USA.
BS 1881-part-116-83. British Standard Institution (1983). Testing concrete. Method for determination of compressive strength of concrete cubes. London. UK.
Department of Industrial Works Ministry of Industry. (1992). Effluent Standard Act: B.E. 2535. Bangkok. Thailand.
Department of Industrial Works Ministry of Industry. (2016). Effluent Standard Act: B.E. 2559. Bangkok. Thailand.
Dharanidharan S., Srivithya N., Meena N. (2015). Experimental study on the flexural behavior of E-waste plastics in concrete. international journal of engineering sciences & research technology, 4 (11):660-669.
Gadge Nikhil A. and Vidhale S.S. (2013). Mix Design of Fiber Reinforced Concrete (FRC) Using Slag & Steel Fiber. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER), 3(6):3,863-3,871.
HEXION. (2018). Technical Data Sheet: Bakelite. Available from: https://www.miller-stephenson.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/3271.pdf. Accessed date: Dec 20, 2018.
Kongkarat, S., Khanna, R., Koshy, P., O’Kane, P., and Sahajwalla, V. (2011). Use of Waste Bakelite as a Raw Material Resource for Recarburization in Steelmaking Processes. Steel Research International, 82(10):1,228-1,239. https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.201100104
Mello, E., Ribellato, C., and Mohamedelhassan, E. (2014). Improving Concrete Properties with Fibers Addition. International Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 8(3):249-254.
Murali K. and Sambath K. (2020). Transformation of Waste Bakelite into Concrete and Solid Blocks. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE), 17(2):31-34.
Pholkoed C. (2020). Carbon and Water Footprints Assessment Case Study : Bakelite plastic-mixed concrete production process. Proceedings of The 12th NPRU National Academic Conference Nakhon Pathom Rajabhat University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand, 9-10 Jul 2020. (in Thai)
Sahajwalla V., Farzana R., Mansuri I., Rajarao R., Khanna R., Green L., Chaudhury N., Zaharia M., O’Kane P., Fontana A., Skidmore C., Miles D., Zin J., Vielhauer P., O’Connell D., and Knights, D. (2016). Green Materials: waste, reuse and how councils can become innovative in treating waste at a local level, beyond the three R’s - the 4th R (Reform), Waste 2016 20th Anniversary-Conference, 35 May 2016, NSW, Australia.
Sumitomo. (2018). Sumitomo Bakelite Durez® 22257 Phenolic, Injection Grade. Available from: http://www.matweb.com/search/datasheet.aspx?matguid=bf0c7aeacf1d4d62b965bb9f72352f1b. Accessed date: Dec 20, 2018.
Thachampuram G.J. and Paul M.M. (2018). Behaviour of Recycled Coarse Aggregate Concrete with Bakelite as Fine Aggregate. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), 5(4):3,251-3,254.
Usahanunth N. (2016). The Mechanical Properties Study and Utilizing Evaluation of Waste Thermosetting Plastic Concrete by the Inspection of Standard and Regulation Compliance, [Ph.D. Dissertation]. Inspection and Law Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ramkhamhaeng University. Bangkok, Thailand, 338.
Usahanunth, N. and Tuprakay, S. (2017). The transformation of waste Bakelite to replace natural fine aggregate in cement mortar. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 6:120-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2017.01.005
Usahanunth, N., Tuprakay, S., and Kongsong, W. (2018). Study of mechanical properties and recommendations for the application of waste Bakelite aggregate concrete. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 8:299-314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2018.02.006
