APPLICATION OF STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES FOR TESTING SOIL MOISTURE MEASUREMENT WITH STAINLESS STEEL TUBE SENSORS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55766/sujst-2024-05-e06880Keywords:
Analysis of Variance, Correlation analysis, Statistical significance, Soil Moisture, Stainless Steel Tubes SensorAbstract
Soil moisture measurement with advanced analytical tools is expensive and complicated. A simple soil moisture sensor was created using the capacitance between two parallel rods, which can be measured using stainless steel tubes. The statistical significance of differences in measurement testing requires studies. In this work, we introduced analysis of variance and correlation approaches to assess the statistical significance of differences between systematic effects and errors resulting from environmental parameter variation. Comparisons of the obtained results with effects and errors resulting from environmental parameter variation data on the capacitance between the two parallel rod sensors were presented. This statistically significant approach contributes to efficient and low-cost estimations of soil moisture and understandings of soil moisture based on environmental parameters.
References
Armstrong, R.A., Eperjesi, F., and Gilmartin, B. (2002). The application of analysis of variance (ANOVA) to different experimental designs in optometry. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, 22(3):248-256. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1475-1313.2002.00020.x
Bell, J.P., Dean, T.J., and Hodnett, M.G. (1987). Soil moisture measurement by an improved capacitance technique, Part II. Field techniques, evaluation and calibration. Journal of Hydrology, 93(1-2):79-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(87)90195-8
Betts, A.K., Ball, J.H., Beljaars, A.C.M., Miller, M.J., Viterbo, P. (1994). Coupling between land-surface boundary-layer parameterization and rainfall on local and regional scales: lessons from the wet summer of 1993. Preprints, Fifth Conference on Global Change Studies, Nashville, TN. Am. Meteor. Soc. p. 174-181.
Chang, J.T. and Wetzel, P.J. (1991). Effects of spatial variations of soil moisture and vegetation on the evolution of
a prestorm environment: a numerical case study. Monthly Weather Review, 119(6):1368-1390. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1991)119<1368:EOSVOS>2.0.CO;2
Dean, T.J., Bell, J.P., and Baty, A.J.B. (1987). Soil moisture measurement by an improved capacitance technique, Part I. Sensor design and performance. Journal of Hydrology, 93(1-2):67-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(87)90194-6
Delworth, T.L. and Manabe, S. (1988). The influence of potential evaporation on the variabilities of the simulated soil wetness and climate. Journal of Climate, 1(5):523-547. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1988)001<0523:TIOPEO>2.0.CO;2
Fast, J.D. and McCorcle, M.D. (1991). The effect of heterogeneous soil moisture on a summer baroclinic circulation in the central United States. Monthly Weather Review, 119(9):2140-2167. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1991)119<2140:TEOHSM>2.0.CO;2
Gardner, W.H. (1986). Water Content. In: Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 1. Physical and Mineralogical Methods. Klute, A. (ed). Agronomy Series No. 9. American Society of Agronomy, 2nd ed., p. 493-544. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssabookser5.1.2ed.c21
Halbertsma, J., Przybyla, C., and Jacobs, A. (1987). Application and accuracy of a dielectric soil water content meter. In: International Conference on Measurement of Soil and Plant Water Status. Centennial of Utah State University, p. 11-16.
Irmak, S., Haman, D.Z., and Irmak, A. (2001). Dew point hygrometers for irrigation scheduling in fine-textured soils. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 17(1):17-25. https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.1932
Kerlinger, F.N. and Pedhazur, E.J. (1973). Multiple Regression in Behavioural Research. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Kerlinger, F.N. (1986). Foundation of Behavioural Research. 3rd ed. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Wilston, 667p.
Krzywinski, M. and Altman, N. (2014). Analysis of variance and blocking. Natural Methods, 11(7):699-700. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.3005
Lanicci, J.M., Carlson, T.N., and Warner, T.T. (1987). Sensitivity of the Great Plains severstorm environment to soil moisture distribution. Monthly Weather Review, 115(11):2660-2673. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1987)115<2660:SOTGPS>2.0.CO;2
Malicki, M.A. and Hanks, R.J. (1989). Interfacial contribution to two-electrode soil moisture sensors reading. Irrigation Science, 10:41-54. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00266156
Malicki, M.A., Campbell, E.C., and Hanks, R.J. (1989). Investigation on power factor of the soil electrical impedance as related to moisture, salinity and bulk density. Irrigation Science, 10:55-62. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00266157
McKim, H.L., Walsh, J.E., and Arion, D.N. (1980). Review of techniques for measuring soil moisture in situ. United States Army Corps of Engineers, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA, Special Report: 80-31.
Nunnally, J.C. (1978). Psychometric theory. United Kingdom: McGraw-Hill, 701p.
Siegel, S. (1956). Nonparametric Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York Toronto London.
Walker, J. and Rowntree, P.R. (1977). The effect of soil moisture on circulation and rainfall in a tropical model. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 103(435):29-46. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49710343503
