STUDY ON RADIATION SHIELDING PROPERTIES OF WHEAT FLOUR MIXED WITH BARIUM SULFATE
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55766/sujst6535Keywords:
Barium sulfate, Half-Value Layer, Radiation Attenuation, Radiation Shielding Materials; X-rayAbstract
Study on radiation shielding of wheat flour mixed with barium sulfate (BaSO4) for replace lead. The moldable materials mixed with BaSO4 in composition 0%, 1%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% respectively. Radiation shielding characterization in diagnostic regions was conducted between 50-120 kVp, 100 mA, and 2 sec, with evaluations including the Linear Attenuation Coefficient (µ), Half Value Layer (HVL), Tenth Value Layer (TVL), and Mean Free Path (MFP). The results show that as BaSO4 content increases, the linear attenuation coefficient (µ) increases, while the HVL, TVL, and MFP decrease. When comparing HVL values at 120 kVp between the moldable materials in this study and standard radiation shielding materials such as commercial window glass, red brick, and concrete, it was found that the HVL values of the moldable materials with more than 1% BaSO4 were better. At a 20% BaSO4 concentration, the HVL values were nearly equivalent to those of X-ray windows, thyroid shields, and lead. Therefore, wheat flour moldable mixed with BaSO4 can be considered a viable alternative for radiation shielding.
References
Al-Yousef, H.A., Sayyed, M.I., Alotiby, M., Kumar, A., Alghamdi, Y.S., Alotaibi, B.M., Alsaif, N.A.M., Mahmoud, K.A., and Al-Hadeethi, Y. (2021). Evaluation of optical and radiation shielding features of new phosphate-based glass system. Optik, 242:167220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2021.167220
Chanvrier, H., Uthayakumaran, S., and Lillford, P. (2007). Rheological properties of wheat flour processed at low levels of hydration: Influence of starch and gluten. Journal of Cereal Science, 45(3):263–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2006.09.006
Edwards, M. (1991). Development of radiation protection standards. RadioGraphics, 11(4):699–712. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiographics.11.4.1887122
Hendee, W.R., and Edwards, F.M. (1986). ALARA and an integrated approach to radiation protection. Seminars in Nuclear Medicine, 16(2):142–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-2998(86)80027-7
Hilhorst, R., Dunnewind, B., Orsel, R., Stegeman, P., Van Vliet, T., Gruppen, H., and Schols, H.A. (1999). Baking performance, rheology and chemical composition of wheat dough and gluten affected by xylanase and oxidative enzymes. Journal of Food Science, 64(5):808–814. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1999.tb15917.x
IAEA. (n.d.). Safety standards for radiation protection and safety of radiation sources: International basic safety standards (interim edition). International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna. International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). (2007). Preface, executive summary and glossary. Annals of the ICRP, 37(2–4):9–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icrp.2007.10.003
Kaewjaeng, S., Chanthima, N., Thongdang, J., Reungsri, S., Kothan, S., and Kaewkhao, J. (2021a). Synthesis and radiation properties of Li₂O-BaO-Bi₂O₃-P₂O₅ glasses. Materials Today: Proceedings, 43:2544–2553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.04.615
Kaewjaeng, S., Kaewkhao, J., Limsuwan, P., and Maghanemi, U. (2012). Effect of BaO on optical, physical and radiation shielding properties of SiO₂-B₂O₃-Al₂O₃-CaO-Na₂O glass system. Procedia Engineering, 32:1080–1086. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2012.02.058
Kaewjaeng, S., Kothan, S., Jumpee, C., Kiatwattanacharoen, S., Wongdamnern, N., Kedkaew, C., Sareein, T., and Kaewkhao, J. (2021b). Direct and quantitative study of Gd³⁺ doped Na₂O-Al₂O₃-SiO₂-B₂O₃-CeF₃ glass samples for radiation interaction parameters. Integrated Ferroelectrics, 223(1):29–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584587.2021.1964283
Kaewjaeng, S., Wantana, N., Kothan, S., Rajaramakrishna, R., Kim, H.J., Limsuwan, P., and Kaewkhao, J. (2021c). Effect of Gd₂O₃ on the radiation shielding, physical, optical and luminescence behaviors of Gd₂O₃-La₂O₃-ZnO-B₂O₃-Dy₂O₃ glasses. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 185:109500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2021.109500
Kaur, T., Sharma, J., and Singh, T. (2019). Review on the scope of metallic alloys in gamma-ray shield designing. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 113:95–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnucene.2019.01.016
Ornketphon, O., Kaewjaeng, S., Meejitpaisan, P., Jumpee, C., Yabsantia, S., Chusin, T., Chaiphaksa, W., Kim, H.J., and Kaewkhao, J. (2025). Fabrication of colorless phosphate glass doped with Bi₂O₃ for lead-free radiation shielding in X-ray and gamma-ray medical applications: A study using PHITS Monte Carlo simulation and experimental analysis. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 237:113015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2025.113015
Ornketphon, O., Kaewjaeng, S., Meejitpaisan, P., Mutuwong, C., Chaiphaksa, W., Sommat, V., Kothan, S., and Kaewkhao, J. (2024). Photon shielding properties of oxyfluoride aluminophosphate glass added with Sb₂O₃ by PHITS Monte Carlo simulation and experimental methods. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 224:111993. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2024.111993
Pongjanta, J., Utaipattanaceep, A., Naivikul, O., and Piyachomkwan, K. (2008). In vitro starch hydrolysis rate, physico-chemical properties and sensory evaluation of butter cake prepared using resistant starch type III substituted for wheat flour. Malaysian Journal of Nutrition, 14(2):199–208.
Turner, J.E. (1986). Atoms, radiation and radiation protection. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 497 p.
Wibowo, E.S., and Park, B.D. (2024). Effects of wheat flour levels on the thermal curing behavior of urea-formaldehyde and phenol-formaldehyde resins. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 132:103694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2024.103694
