MORPHOLOGY AND HYDROPHOBICITY OF AGAR, BEESWAX, AND AGAR-BEESWAX EMULSION COATED ON POROUS ALUMINA SUPPORT
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55766/sujst-2024-02-e04946Keywords:
Agar, beeswax, contact angle, hydrophobicity, membrane degasifierAbstract
Membrane degassing technology is based on the principle of hydrophobicity. Up-to-date,
the membrane degasifier is industrially produced by extrusion and then stretched to form a hollow fiber shape with long narrow pores along membrane length. Typical degasifiers are engineered with polypropylene (PP) due to its high toughness and flexibility. However, finding environmentally safe materials at a low cost for replacement for PP would be worth investigating. In this work, agar, beeswax, and their emulsion were coated on a tubular alumina membrane for use as a selective layer of the membrane degasifier. The agar solution with different concentrations between 1 and 4 wt% was coated on the alumina membrane support to create a pore network. Beeswax was coated on agar film to enhance the hydrophobicity. SEM images showed that the increase in the concentrations of agar led to a decreased pore size of the selective layer. Moreover, the contact angle increased up to 100° when the concentration of agar solution increased to 4 wt%. The increase in contact angle to 120° was obtained when the beeswax was coated, appropriate for hydrophobic applications.
References
Abdikheibari, S., Parvizi, R., Moayed, M., Zebarjad, S., and Sajjadi, S. (2015). Beeswax-Colophony Blend: A Novel Green Organic Coating for Protection of Steel Drinking Water Storage Tanks. Metals, 5(3):1645-1664. https://doi.org/10.3390/met5031645
Akbari, S. and Nour, A.H. (2018). Emulsion types, stability mechanisms and rheology: A review. International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies, 1(1):11–17. https://doi.org/10.53894/ijirss.v1i1.4
Aris, Z.F.M., Bavishi, V., Sharma, R., and Nagarajan, R. (2019). Barrier properties and abrasion resistance of biopolymer‐based coatings on biodegradable poly(lactic acid) films. Polymer Engineering and Science, 59(9):1874-1881. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.25187
Bertasa, M., Dodero, A., Alloisio, M., Vicini, S., Riedo, C., and Sansonetti, A. (2020). Agar gel strength: A correlation study between chemical composition and rheological properties. European Polymer Journal, 123:109442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109442
Buonomenna, M.G. (2016). 14 - Smart composite membranes for advanced wastewater treatments. In: Smart Composite Coatings and Membranes. Montemor, M.F. (ed). Woodhead Publishing, p. 371-419: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-78242-283-9.00014-2
Dong, Z., Fan, W., Xu, J., Drioli, E., Chen, X., and Qiu, M. (2021). One-step engineering of low-cost kaolin/fly ash ceramic membranes for efficient separation of oil-water emulsions. Journal of Membrane Science, 621:118954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118954
Fei, T. and Wang, T. (2017). A review of recent development of sustainable waxes derived from vegetable oils. Current Opinion in Food Science, 16:7-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2017.06.006
Gupta, G. and Anjali, K. (2023). Environmentally Friendly Beeswax: Properties, Composition, Adulteration, and its Therapeutic Benefits. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1110:012041. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1110/1/012041
Han, W., Chai, X., Zaaboul, F., Tan, C.-P., Sun, Y., Liu, C., and Liu, Y. (2022). Beeswax crystals form a network structure in highly unsaturated oils and O/W emulsions under supersaturation and cool temperature conditions. LWT, 164:113594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113594
Iojoiu, C., Danyliv, O., and Alloin, F. (2017). 16 - Ionic Liquids and Polymers for Battery and Fuel Cells. In: Modern Synthesis Processes and Reactivity of Fluorinated Compounds. Groult, H., Leroux, F.R., and Tressaud, A. (eds.). Elsevier, p. 465-497: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803740-9.00016-0
Kendrick, Z.V. (1950). The physical properties of agar type hydrocolloid impression material. The Journal of the American Dental Association, 40(5):575-584. https://doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.1950.0086
Malik, N., Bulasara, V.K., and Basu, S. (2020). Preparation of novel porous ceramic microfiltration membranes from fly ash, kaolin and dolomite mixtures. Ceramics International, 46(5):6889-6898. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.11.184
Martins, A.J., Cerqueira, M.A., Fasolin, L.H., Cunha, R.L., and Vicente, A.A. (2016). Beeswax organogels: Influence of gelator concentration and oil type in the gelation process. Food Research International, 84:170-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2016.03.035
Naderizadeh, S., Heredia-Guerrero, J.A., Caputo, G., Grasselli, S., Malchiodi, A., Athanassiou, A., and Bayer, I.S. (2019). Superhydrophobic Coatings from Beeswax-in-Water Emulsions with Latent Heat Storage Capability. Advanced Materials Interfaces, 6(5):1801782. https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.201801782
Rocha, Julio Cesar Barbosa, J.D. Lopse, and M.C.N Mascarenhas. (2013). Thermal and rheological properties of organogels formed by sugarcane or candelilla wax in soybean oil. Food Research International, 50(1):318-323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2012.10.043
Svoboda, R. (2009). The effect of carbon dioxide and organics in a steam turbine. PowerPlant Chemistry, 11(1):20–27.
Svoboda, R., Denk, J., and Maggi, C. (2003). Influence of carbon dioxide on corrosion in steam turbines. PowerPlant Chemistry, 5(10):581–586.
Udomsri, N., Promsawat, M., Sirijarukul, S., and Lertwittayanon, K. (2022). Effect of clay addition to Al2O3-agar mixture on pore size and distribution of tubular Al2O3 membrane support fabricated byagar gelcasting. Materials Today: Proceedings, 65:2426-2431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.06.043
Wang, Y., Chen, X., Liang, Y., and Yu, C. (2021). Fabrication of super-hydrophobic filter paper via mixed wax phase separation for efficient oil/water separation. BioResources 16(3):5794-5805. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.3.5794-5805
Yarnpakdee, S., Benjakul, S., and Kingwascharapong, P. (2015). Physico-chemical and gel properties of agar from Gracilaria tenuistipitata from the lake of Songkhla, Thailand. Food Hydrocolloids, 51:217-226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2015.05.004
Zhang, R., Zhai, X., Wang, W., and Huo, H. (2022). Preparation and evaluation of agar/maltodextrin-beeswax emulsion films with various hydrophilic-lipophilic balance emulsifiers. Food Chemistry, 384:132541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132541
