BIOMASS DERIVED MATERIAL FOR SYNTHESIS OF CNTs
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55766/sujst-2024-06-e04094Keywords:
Biomass, Carbonation, Carbon material, Carbon nanotubes, Sustainable sourceAbstract
This paper offers a comprehensive exploration of the structure, morphology, synthesis methods, purification techniques, characteristics, advantages, and diverse applications of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) derived from sustainable and renewable biomass sources, encompassing leaves, tubers, fruits, seeds, bark, etc. The high carbon content inherent in biomass plays a pivotal role as the principal component in CNT synthesis. The paper highlights cost-effective and easily accessible sustainable sources, such as straw, rubber wood sawdust, palm fiber, wheat husk, groundnut shell, coconut shell, date pits, bamboo dust, sugarcane, banana peel, and papaya oil cake, for CNT synthesis. They exhibit potential in combining or absorbing therapeutic and diagnostic materials for drug delivery and serving as biological sensor platforms for various illnesses with noninvasive blood level monitoring. The paper underscores the significant attributes of CNTs, such as high surface-to-volume ratios, enhanced conductivity and strength, biocompatibility, ease of functionalization, and optical qualities. Additionally, it summarizes recent developments and research activities in CNT synthesis, emphasizing biomass’s role as a renewable hydrocarbon resource for creating carbon materials, green chemicals, and bioenergy. The versatile adsorption properties of biomass position it as a valuable resource for the global pharmaceutical industry and various sectors
References
Ahmed, I.A., Al-Radadi, N.S., Hussein, H.S., and Ragab, A.H. (2019). Environmentally friendly mesoporous nanocomposite prepared from al-dross waste with remarkable adsorption ability for toxic anionic dye. Journal of Chemistry, 2019:1-14. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/7685204
An, D., Guo, Y., Zhu, Y., and Wang, Z. (2010). A green route to the preparation of silica powders with rice husk ash and waste gas. Chemical Engineering Journal, 162(2):509-514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2010.06.012
Anzar, N., Hasan, R., Tyagi, M., Yadav, N., and Narang, J. (2020). Carbon nanotube-a review on synthesis, properties and plethora of applications in the field of biomedical science. Sensors International, 1:100003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sintl.2020.100003
Araga, R. and Sharma, C.S. (2017). One-step direct synthesis of multiwalled carbon nanotubes from coconut shell-derived charcoal. Materials Letters, 188:205-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2016.11.083
Arora, B. and Attri, P. (2020). Carbon nanotubes (CNTs): A potential nanomaterial for water purification. Journal of Composites Science, 4(3):135. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs4030135
Asnawi, M., Azhari, S., Hamidon, M.N., Ismail, I., and Helina, I. (2018). Synthesis of carbon nanomaterials from rice husk via microwave oven. Journal of Nanomaterials, 2018(1):2898326. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/2898326
AZoNano. (n.d.). Carbon nanotube applications. Retrieved January 15, 2025, from https://www.azonano.com/details.asp?ArticleID=980
Bagotia, N., Choudhary, V., and Sharma, D.K. (2018). A review of the mechanical, electrical, and EMI shielding properties of carbon nanotubes and graphene-reinforced polycarbonate nanocomposites. Polymers for Advanced Technologies, 29(6):1,547-1,567. https://doi.org/10.1002/pat.4275
Baig, M.M. and Gul, I.H. (2021). Conversion of wheat husk to high surface area activated carbon for energy storage in high-performance supercapacitors. Biomass and Bioenergy, 144:105909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2020.105909
Basheer, A.O., Odeh, A.A., and Al-Douri, Y. (2023). Structural analysis and characterization of date palm fiber-based low-cost carbon nanotubes and nanostructured powder activated carbon. Heliyon, 9(8). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18205
Basu, P. (2018). Biomass gasification, pyrolysis, and torrefaction: Practical design and theory. Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812992-0.00007-8
Brahmachari, G. (2021). Green synthetic approaches for biologically relevant heterocycles: Green catalytic systems and solvents-An overview. Green Synthetic Approaches for Biologically Relevant Heterocycles, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-820792-5.00001-9
Chrzanowska, J., Hoffman, J., Małolepszy, A., Mazurkiewicz, M., Kowalewski, T. A., Szymanski, Z., and Stobinski, L. (2015). Synthesis of carbon nanotubes by the laser ablation method: Effect of laser wavelength. Physica Status Solidi (b), 252(8):1,860-1,867. https://doi.org/10.1002/pssb.201451614
Dresselhaus, G., Dresselhaus, M.S., and Saito, R. (1998). Physical properties of carbon nanotubes. World Scientific. https://doi.org/10.1142/3564
Dresselhaus, M.S., Dresselhaus, G., and Eklund, P.C. (1996). Science of fullerenes and carbon nanotubes: Their properties and applications. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012221820-0/50013-7
Fathy, N.A. (2017). Carbon nanotube synthesis using carbonization of pretreated rice straw through chemical vapor deposition of camphor. RSC Advances, 7(45):28,535-28,541. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7RA04882C
Gao, B., Bower, C., Lorentzen, J.D., Fleming, L., Kleinhammes, A., Tang, X.P. and Zhou, O. (2000). Enhanced saturation lithium composition in ball-milled single-walled carbon nanotubes. Chemical Physics Letters, 327(1-2):69-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2614(00)00851-4
Gao, Z., Song, N., Zhang, Y., Schwab, Y., He, J., and Li, X. (2018). Carbon nanotubes derived from yeast-fermented wheat flour and their energy storage application. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 6(9):11,386-11,396. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b01292
Ghasemzadeh, G., Momenpour, M., Omidi, F., Hosseini, M.R., Ahani, M., and Barzegari, A. (2014). Applications of nanomaterials in water treatment and environmental remediation. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 8:471-482. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-014-0654-0
Gulati, S., Kumar, S., Goyal, K., Arora, A., and Varma, R.S. (2022). Improving the air quality with functionalized carbon nanotubes: Sensing and remediation applications in the real world. Chemosphere, 299:134468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134468
Guo, X., Cheng, S., Cai, W., Zhang, Y., and Zhang, X.A. (2021). A review of carbon-based thermal interface materials: Mechanism, thermal measurements, and thermal properties. Materials & Design, 209:109936. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2021.109936
Hakim, Y.Z., Yulizar, Y., Nurcahyo, A., and Surya, M. (2018). Green synthesis of carbon nanotubes from coconut shell waste for the adsorption of Pb (II) ions. Acta Chimica Asiana, 1(1):6-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2018.01.002
Hamid, Z.A., Azim, A.A., Mouez, F.A., and Rehim, S.A. (2017). Challenges on the synthesis of carbon nanotubes from environmentally friendly green oil using pyrolysis technique. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 126:218-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2017.01.006
He, Y., Hu, C., Li, Z., Wu, C., Zeng, Y., and Peng, C. (2022). Multifunctional carbon nanomaterials for diagnostic applications in infectious diseases and tumors. Materials Today Bio, 14:100231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100231
Hidalgo, P., Navia, R., Hunter, R., Coronado, G., and Gonzalez, M. (2019). Synthesis of carbon nanotubes using biochar as precursor material under microwave irradiation. Journal of Environmental Management, 244:83-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.04.046
Hongo, T., Sugiyama, J., Yamazaki, A., and Yamasaki, A. (2013). Synthesis of imogolite from rice husk ash and evaluation of its acetaldehyde adsorption ability. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 52(5):2,111-2,115. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie302379f
Ibrahim, M.Y. and Sulaiman, H. (2024). Coconut shell-derived green synthesized carbon nanotubes for clean-up of crude oil spills. Pure and Applied Chemistry. https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2024-0207
Iqbal, M.Z., Khan, J., Awan, H.T.A., Alzaid, M., Afzal, A.M., and Aftab, S. (2020). Cobalt-manganese-zinc ternary phosphate for high-performance supercapattery devices. Dalton Transactions, 49(46):16,715-16,727. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0DT03313H
Jagadeesan, A.K., Thangavelu, K., and Dhananjeyan, V. (2020). Carbon nanotubes: Synthesis, properties, and applications, 27.
Ji, Q., Yu, X., Chen, L., Yardley, O.P.N., and Zhou, C. (2021). Facile preparation of sugarcane bagasse-derived carbon supported MoS2 nanosheets for hydrogen evolution reaction. Industrial Crops and Products, 172:114064. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.114064
Journet, C., Maser, W.K., Bernier, P., Loiseau, A., de La Chapelle, M.L., Lefrant, D.S., and Fischer, J.E. (1997). Large-scale production of single-walled carbon nanotubes by the electric-arc technique. Nature, 388(6644):756-758. https://doi.org/10.1038/41972
Kahdum, B.J., Lafta, A.J., and Johdh, A.M. (2016). Synthesis and characterization of carbon nanotubes from Iraqi date palm seeds using chemical vapor deposition method. International Journal of ChemTech Research, 9(12):2,455-9,555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.04.046
Kelchner, S.A. and Group, B.P. (2013). Higher level phylogenetic relationships within the bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) based on five plastid markers. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 67(2):404-413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2013.02.012
Kumar, R., Yadav, R.M., Awasthi, K., Tiwari, R.S., and Srivastava, O.N. (2011). Effect of nitrogen variation on the synthesis of vertically aligned bamboo-shaped c-n nanotubes using sunflower oil. International Journal of Nanoscience, 10(04n05):809-813. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219581X11008502
Li, J., Cao, Y., Wang, L., and Jia, D. (2017). Cost-effective synthesis of bamboo-structure carbon nanotubes from coal for reversible lithium storage. RSC Advances, 7(55):34,770-34,775. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7RA04047D
Li, Y.H., Zhao, Y.M., Hu, W.B., Ahmad, I., Zhu, Y.Q., Peng, X.J., and Luan, Z.K. (2007). Carbon nanotubes-the promising adsorbent in wastewater treatment. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 61(1):698. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/61/1/140
Liang, K., Chen, Y., Wang, S., Wang, D., Wang, W., Jia, S., and Chen, Z. (2023). Peanut shell waste derived porous carbon for high-performance supercapacitors. Journal of Energy Storage, 70:107947. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2023.107947
Liu, X., Wang, M., Zhang, S., and Pan, B. (2013). Application potential of carbon nanotubes in water treatment:
A review. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 25(7):1,263-1,280. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(12)60161-2
Ma, R., Wei, B., Xu, C., Liang, J., and Wu, D. (2000). Development of supercapacitors based on carbon nanotubes. Science in China Series E: Technological Sciences, 43:178-182. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02872744
Melati, A. and Hidayati, E. (2016). Synthesis and characterization of carbon nanotube from coconut shells activated carbon. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 694(1):012073. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/694/1/012073
Mirabootalebi, S.O. and Akbari, G.H. (2017). Methods for synthesis of carbon nanotubes-review. International Journal of Bio-Inorganic Hybrid Nanomaterials, 6(2):49-57.
Moeller, M. and Matyjaszewski, K. (2012). Polymer science: A comprehensive reference. Newnes. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-088504-9.00001-1
Mopoung, S. (2011). Occurrence of carbon nanotube from banana peel activated carbon mixed with mineral oil. International Journal of Physical Sciences, 6:1,789-1,793.
Mostafavi, E., Iravani, S., Varma, R.S., Khatami, M., and Rahbarizadeh, F. (2022). Eco-friendly synthesis of carbon nanotubes and their cancer theranostic applications. Materials Advances, 3(12):4,765-4,782. https://doi.org/10.1039/D2MA00341D
Noor, M.D. and Talal, Q. (2013). Carbon nanotube from a natural source: Banana peel (Doctoral dissertation, Department of Mechanical and Production Engineering, Islamic University of Technology, Gazipur, Bangladesh). Retrieved from http://www.iut-dspace.edu.bd/handle/123456789/1142
Novoselova, I.A., Oliinyk, N.F., Volkov, S.V., Konchits, A.A., Yanchuk, I.B., Yefanov, V.S. and Karpets, M.V. (2008). Electrolytic synthesis of carbon nanotubes from carbon dioxide in molten salts and their characterization. Physica E: Low-Dimensional Systems and Nanostructures, 40(7):2,231-2,237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physe.2008.02.016
Nuilek, K., Simon, A., Kurovics, E., Ibrahim, J.F.M., Varanasi, D., and Baumli, P. (2020). Effect of activation and exfoliation on the formation of carbon nanosheets derived from natural materials. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1,527(1):012036. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1527/1/012036
Omoriyekomwan, J.E., Tahmasebi, A., Zhang, J., and Yu, J. (2019). Mechanistic study on direct synthesis of carbon nanotubes from cellulose using microwave pyrolysis. Energy Conversion and Management, 192:88-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2019.04.039
Ouyang, J. (2019). Applications of carbon nanotubes and graphene for third-generation solar cells and fuel cells. Nano Materials Science, 1(2):77-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoms.2019.05.003
Park, Y.S., Kim, K.S., Jeong, H.J., Kim, W.S., Moon, J.M., An, K.H., and Lee, Y.H. (2002). Low-pressure synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotubes by arc discharge. Synthetic Metals, 126(2-3):245-251. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0379-6779(01)00563-X
Patil, A.B. and Bhanage, B.M. (2016). Sonochemistry: A greener protocol for nanoparticle synthesis. In Handbook of nanoparticles, 143-166. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15338-4_4
Qadri, S.B., Gorzkowski, E.P., Bussmann, K., Rath, B.B., and Feng, J. (2018). Structural and magnetic properties of Fe and carbon nanotubes derived from coconut shells. AIP Advances, 8(5). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5047359
Qasim, M., Clarkson, A.N., and Hinkley, S.F. (2023). Green synthesis of carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) from biomass for biomedical applications. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(2):1,023. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24021023
Raghavendra, N., Hublikar, L.V., Patil, S.M., and Bhat, P. (2021). Microwave-assisted biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using banana leaves extracts: Phytochemical, spectral characterization, and anticancer activity studies. Journal of Water and Environmental Nanotechnology, 6(1):49-61. https://doi.org/10.22090/jwent.2021.01.003
Rdest, M. and Janas, D. (2021). Carbon nanotube wearable sensors for health diagnostics. Sensors, 21(17):5847. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21175847
Romanovicz, V., Berns, B.A., Carpenter, S.D., and Carpenter, D. (2014). Carbon nanotubes synthesized using sugar cane as a precursor. International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering, 7(12):1027-1030.
Roquia, A., Alhashmi, K.H., and Alhasmi, H.A. (2021). Synthesis and characterization of carbon nanotubes from the waste of Juglans regia (walnut) shells. Fullerenes, Nanotubes and Carbon Nanostructures, 29(11):860-867. https://doi.org/10.1080/1536383X.2021.1900123
Salah, L.S., Ouslimani, N., Bousba, D., Huynen, I., Danlée, Y., and Aksas, H. (2021). Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) from synthesis to functionalized (CNTs) using conventional and new chemical approaches. Journal of Nanomaterials, 1-31. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/4972770
Shahid, M., Sagadevan, S., Ahmed, W., Zhan, Y., and Opaprakasit, P. (2022). Metal oxides for optoelectronic and photonic applications: A general introduction. In Metal Oxides for Optoelectronics and Optics-Based Medical Applications, pp. 3-31. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-85824-3.00006-3
Shariatinia, Z. (2021). Applications of carbon nanotubes. In Handbook of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials, pp. 321-364. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821996-6.00016-6
Sharma, R., Sharma, A.K., and Sharma, V. (2015). Synthesis of carbon nanotubes by arc-discharge and chemical vapor deposition method with analysis of its morphology, dispersion, and functionalization characteristics. Cogent Engineering, 2(1):1094017. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2015.1094017
Sheikhpour, M., Naghinejad, M., Kasaeian, A., Lohrasbi, A., Shahraeini, S.S., and Zomorodbakhsh, S. (2020). The applications of carbon nanotubes in the diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer: A critical review. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 15:7,063-7,078. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S263238
Smalley, R.E. (2003). Carbon nanotubes: Synthesis, structure, properties, and applications.
Surendran, S., Pathan, M., Walke, P., Syam, K.R., Babu, P.G., Poojary, N., and Sharma, R. (2024). Green synthesis and characterization of multiwall carbon nanotubes from sugarcane bagasse as a biogenic catalyst via chemical vapor deposition method using LPG as hydrocarbon source. Materials Letters, 359:135904. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2024.135904
Thambiraj, S. and Shankaran, R. (2016). Green synthesis of highly fluorescent carbon quantum dots from sugarcane bagasse pulp. Applied Surface Science, 390:435-443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.08.061
Tripathi, N., Pavelyev, V., and Islam, S.S. (2017). Synthesis of carbon nanotubes using green plant extract as catalyst: Unconventional concept and its realization. Applied Nanoscience, 7:557-566. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-017-0598-3
Tripathy, A., Mohanty, S., Nayak, S.K., and Ramadoss, A. (2021). Renewable banana-peel-derived activated carbon as an inexpensive and efficient electrode material showing fascinating supercapacitive performance. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 9(6):106398.
UnderstandingNano. (n.d.). Electrical properties of nanotubes. Retrieved January 15, 2025, from https://www.understandingnano.com/electrical-properties-carbon-nanotubes.html
Ursino, C., Castro-Muñoz, R., Drioli, E., Gzara, L., Albeirutty, M. H., and Figoli, A. (2018). Progress of nanocomposite membranes for water treatment. Membranes, 8(2):18. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes8020018
Walters, D.A., Casavant, M.J., Qin, X.C., Huffman, C.B., Boul, P.J., Ericson, L.M., and Smalley, R.E. (2001). In-plane-aligned membranes of carbon nanotubes. Chemical Physics Letters, 338(1):14-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2614(01)00072-0
Wang, X.D., Vinodgopal, K., and Dai, G.P. (2019). Synthesis of carbon nanotubes by catalytic chemical vapor deposition. In Perspective of carbon nanotubes, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86995
Wu, L., Liu, J., Reddy, B.R., and Zhou, J. (2022). Preparation of coal-based carbon nanotubes using catalytical pyrolysis: A brief review. Fuel Processing Technology, 229:107171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2022.107171
Yallappa, S., Deepthi, D.R., Yashaswini, S., Hamsanandini, R., Chandraprasad, M., Kumar, S.A., and Hegde, G. (2017). Natural biowaste of groundnut shell derived nano carbons: Synthesis, characterization and its in vitro antibacterial activity. Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects, 12:84-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoso.2017.09.003
Yamamoto, G. and Hashida, T. (2012). Carbon nanotube reinforced alumina composite materials. In Composites and Their Properties. IntechOpen.
Yu, M.F., Lourie, O., Dyer, M.J., Moloni, K., Kelly, T.F., and Ruoff, R.S. (2000). Strength and breaking mechanism of multiwalled carbon nanotubes under tensile load. Science, 287(5453):637-640. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.287.5453.637
Zare, H., Ahmadi, S., Ghasemi, A., Ghanbari, M., Rabiee, N., Bagherzadeh, M., and Mostafavi, E. (2021). Carbon nanotubes: Smart drug/gene delivery carriers. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 16:1,681-1,706. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S299448
Zhang, H.Y., Niu, H.J., Wang, Y.M., Wang, C., Bai, X.D., Wang, S., and Wang, W. (2015). A simple method to prepare carbon nanotubes from sunflower seed hulls and sago and their application in supercapacitors. Pigment & Resin Technology, 44(1):7-12. https://doi.org/10.1108/PRT-10-2013-0090
Zhang, W., Zhang, Z., and Zhang, Y. (2011). The application of carbon nanotubes in target drug delivery systems for cancer therapies. Nanoscale Research Letters, 6:1-22. https://doi.org/10.1186/1556-276X-6-555
Zheng, D., Zhang, Y., Guo, Y., and Yue, J. (2019). Isolation and characterization of nanocellulose with a novel shape from walnut (Juglans regia L.) shell agricultural waste. Polymers, 11(7):1,130. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11071130
Zhu, J., Jia, J., Kwong, F.L., Ng, D.H.L., and Tjong, S.C. (2012). Synthesis of multi-walled carbon nanotubes from bamboo charcoal and the roles of minerals on their growth. Biomass and Bioenergy, 36:12-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.10.011
