PREVALENCE OF BOVINE MASTITIS AND THE FIRST DETECTION OF MYCOPLASMA BOVIS IN VIETNAM’S DAIRY FARMS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55766/sujst-2023-06-e01836Keywords:
Bovine mastitis, dairy cows, E. coli, Klebsiella, Mycoplasma bovisAbstract
Mastitis still remains an economic disease in dairy farms all over the world. This study aimed to report the prevalence of this disease in large-scale farms in Vietnam, the pathogens profile, and first report the detection of Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis) by applying conventional culture and real-time PCR (polymerase chain reaction) methods. We examined 64,802 enrolled dairy cows from six farms in Vietnam, yielding 1,874 (2.9%) total cases of clinical mastitis. The majority of the 14 pathogens were identified. Klebsiella spp. accounted for 21.0% of the total isolates. Streptococcus uberis (S. uberis), Escherichia coli (E. coli), other Streptococcus spp, and Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci (CNS), followed at 12.6, 7.6, 6.0, and 5.5 percent, respectively. The rest pathogens include Pseudomonas spp., Enterococcus faecalis, Enterobacter spp., Bacillus spp., Citrobacter spp., Pasteurella spp., Proteus spp., and Staphylococcus aureus were isolated with less than 1% each. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report for detecting M. bovis in mastitis milk samples in Vietnam, where 35 out of 1,422 samples submitted in 2022 were M. bovis positive. Moreover, of the 35 positive cases, 11 cases had only M. bovis, while 24 cases had M. bovis and other pathogens, including 13 Enterobacteriaceae, 7 Streptococcus spp., and 4 CNS.
References
Abebe R., Hatiya H., Abera M., Megersa B. and Asmare K. (2016). Bovine mastitis: prevalence, risk factors and isolation of Staphylococcus aureus in dairy herds at Hawassa milk shed, South Ethiopia. BMC Vet Res., 12(1):270.
Abd El-Razik KAE., Arafa A.A., Fouad E.A., Younes A.M., Almuzaini A.M. and Abdou A.M. (2021). Isolation, identification and virulence determinants of Streptococcus agalactiae from bovine subclinical mastitis in Egypt. J. Infect Dev Ctries, 15(8):1,133-1,138.
Acharya K.R., Brankston G., Slavic D. and Greer A.L. (2021). Spatio-temporal variation in the prevalence of major mastitis pathogens isolated from bovine milk samples between 2008 and 2017 in Ontario, Canada. Front Vet Sci., 8:742696.
Adkins P.R.F., and Middleton J.R. (2017). Laboratory handbook on Bovine mastitis. Third edition. National Mastitis Council, Madison, WI. 147p.
Adriaens I., Van Den Brulle I., Geerinckx K., D’Anvers L., De Vliegher S. and Aernouts B. (2021). Milk losses linked to mastitis treatments at dairy farms with automatic milking systems. Prev Vet Med., 194:105420.
Aghamohammadi M., Haine D., Kelton D.F., Barkema H.W., Hogeveen H., Keefe G.P. and Dufour S. (2018). Herd-level mastitis-associated costs on Canadian dairy farms. Front Vet Sci., 5:100.
Al-Farha A.A., Hemmatzadeh F., Khazandi M., Hoare A. and Petrovski K. (2017). Evaluation of effects of Mycoplasma mastitis on milk composition in dairy cattle from South Australia. BMC Vet Res., 13(1):351.
Ali T., Kamran, Raziq A., Wazir I., Ullah R., Shah P., Ali MI, Han B. and Liu G. (2021). Prevalence of mastitis pathogens and antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates from cattle and buffaloes in northwest of Pakistan. Front Vet Sci., 8:746755.
Alysia M.P., Paul A.S., Mark S.H., Katrina L.B. and John K.H. (2018). A review of Mycoplasma diagnostics in cattle. J. Vet Intern Med., 32:1,241-1,252.
Amer S., Gálvez FLA., Fukuda Y., Tada C., Jimenez IL., Valle WFM. and Nakai Y. (2018). Prevalence and etiology of mastitis in dairy cattle in El Oro Province, Ecuador. J. Vet Med Sci., 80(6):861-868.
Asmare A.A. and Kassa F. (2017). Incidence of dairy cow mastitis and associated risk factors in Sodo town and its surroundings, Wolaila zone, Ethiopia. Slovak J. Anim. Sci., 50:77-89.
Cheng WN. and Han SG. (2020). Bovine mastitis: risk factors, therapeutic strategies, and alternative treatments - A review. Asian-Australas J. Anim Sci., 33(11):1,699-1,713. Doi: https//doi.org/10.5713/ajas.20.0156.
Cheng J., Zhang J., Han B., Herman WB., Eduardo RC., John PK., Zhou M., Shi Y., Wang J., Yang R. and Gao J. (2020). Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from bovine mastitis is cytopathogenic for bovine mammary epithelial cells. J. Dairy Sci., 103:3,493-3,504.
Detilleux J. (2018). Tolerance to bovine clinical mastitis: Total, direct, and indirect milk losses. J. Dairy Sci., 101:3,334-3,343.
Dufour S., Labrie J., and Jacques M. (2019). The Mastitis Pathogens Culture Collection. Microbiol Resour Announc, 8(15):e00133-19.
Fahim KM., Ismael E., Khalefa HS., Farag HS. and Hamza DA. (2019). Isolation and characterization of E. coli strains causing intramammary infections from dairy animals and wild birds. Int J. Vet Sci. Med., 7(1):61-70.
Filioussis G., Kachrimanidou M., Christodoulopoulos G., Kyritsi M., Hadjichristodoulou C., Adamopoulou M., Tzivara A., Kritas SK. and Grinberg A. (2020). Short communication: Bovine mastitis caused by a multidrug-resistant, mcr-1-positive (colistin-resistant), extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli clone on a Greek dairy farm. J. Dairy Sci., 103(1):852-857.
Gao J., Barkema HW., Zhang L., Liu G., Deng Z., Cai L., Shan R., Zhang S., Zou J., Kastelic JP., and Han B. (2017). Incidence of clinical mastitis and distribution of pathogens on large Chinese dairy farms. J. Dairy Sci, 100(6):4,797-4,806.
García-Galán A., Nouvel LX., Baranowski E., Gómez-Martín Á., Sánchez A., Citti C. and de la Fe C. (2020). Mycoplasma bovis in Spanish cattle herds: two groups of multiresistant isolates predominate, with one remaining susceptible to fluoroquinolones. Pathogens, 9(7):545.
Ghazaei C. (2006). Mycoplasmal mastitis in dairy cows in the Moghan region of Ardabil State, Iran. J. S. Afr. Vet Assoc., 77(4):222-223.
Gianneechini R., Concha C., Rivero R., Delucci I. and Moreno López J. (2002). Occurrence of clinical and sub-clinical mastitis in dairy herds in the West Littoral Region in Uruguay. Acta Vet Scand, 43(4):221-230.
Gioia G, Addis MF., Santisteban C., Gross B., Nydam DV., Sipka AS., Virkler PD., Watters RD., Wieland M., Zurakowski MJ., and Moroni P. (2021). Mycoplasma species isolated from bovine milk collected from US dairy herds between 2016 and 2019. J. Dairy Sci., 104(4):4,813-4,821.
Gomes F, and Henriques M. (2016). Control of bovine mastitis: old and recent therapeutic approaches. Curr Microbiol, 72(4):377-382.
Henk H., Wilma S., and Christopher A. (2019). Annual Review of Resource Economics, 11:289-312.
Kaczorek-Łukowska E., Małaczewska J., Wójcik R., Duk K., Blank A. and Siwicki AK. (2021). Streptococci as the new dominant aetiological factors of mastitis in dairy cows in north-eastern Poland: analysis of the results obtained in 2013-2019. Ir Vet J., 74(1):2.
Levison LJ., Miller-Cushon EK., Tucker AL., Bergeron R., Leslie KE., Barkema HW. and DeVries TJ. (2016). Incidence rate of pathogen-specific clinical mastitis on conventional and organic Canadian dairy farms. J. Dairy Sci., 99(2):1,341-1,350. Doi: https//doi.org/10.3168/jds. 2015-9809.
Liu K., Tao L., Li J., Fang L., Cui L., Li J., Meng X., Zhu G., Bi C. and Wang H. (2020). Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from cases of clinical bovine mastitis on large-scale Chinese dairy farms. Front Vet Sci., 7:580129.
Lysnyansky I., Freed M., Rosales R.S., Mikula I., Khateb N., Gerchman I., van Straten M. and Levisohn S. (2016). An overview of Mycoplasma bovis mastitis in Israel (2004-2014). Vet J., 207:180-183.
McDonald WL., Rawdon TG., Fitzmaurice J., Bolotovski I., Voges H., Humphrey S., Fernando K., Canagasebey Y., Thornton RN. and McIntyre L. (2009). Survey of bulk tank milk in New Zealand for Mycoplasma bovis, using species-specific nested PCR and culture. N Z Vet J., 57(1):44-49.
Miranda-Morales RE., Rojas-Trejo V., Segura-Candelas R., Carrillo-Casas EM., Sánchez-Gonzalez MG., Castor RS., and Trigo-Tavera FJ. (2008). Prevalence of pathogens associated with bovine mastitis in bulk tank milk in Mexico. Ann N Y Acad Sci., 1149:300-302.
OIE Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals (2018). Chapter 3.4.8. Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia.
Olde Riekerink RG., Barkema HW., Veenstra S., Poole DE., Dingwell RT. and Keefe GP. (2006). Prevalence of contagious mastitis pathogens in bulk tank milk in Prince Edward Island. Can Vet J., 47(6):567-72.
Olde Riekerink RGM., Barkema HW., Kelton DF., and Scholl DT. (2008). Incidence rate of clinical mastitis on Canadian dairy farms, J. Dairy Sci., 91:1,366-1,377.
Passchyn P., Piepers S., De Meulemeester L., Boyen F., Haesebrouck F. and De Vliegher S. (2012). Between-herd prevalence of Mycoplasma bovis in bulk milk in Flanders, Belgium. Res Vet Sci., 92(2):219-220.
Pitkälä A., Haveri M., Pyörälä S., Myllys V. and Honkanen-Buzalski T. (2004). Bovine mastitis in Finland 2001-prevalence, distribution of bacteria, and antimicrobial resistance. J. Dairy Sci., 87(8):2,433-2,441.
Salauddin M., Akter MR., Hossain MK. and Rahman MM. (2019). Isolation of multi-drug resistant Klebsiella sp. from bovine mastitis samples in Rangpur, Bangladesh. J. Adv. Vet Anim Res., 6(3):362-365.
Song X., Huang X., Xu H., Zhang C., Chen S., Liu F., Guan S., Zhang S., Zhu K. and Wu C. (2020). The prevalence of pathogens causing bovine mastitis and their associated risk factors in 15 large dairy farms in China: An observational study. Veterinary Microbiology, 247:108757.
Shrestha A., Bhattarai RK., Luitel H., Karki S. and Basnet HB. (2021). Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and pattern of antimicrobial resistance in mastitis milk of cattle in Chitwan, Nepal. BMC Vet Res., 17(1):239.
Timonen AAE., Katholm J., Petersen A., Mõtus K. and Kalmus P. (2017). Within-herd prevalence of intramammary infection caused by Mycoplasma bovis and associations between cow udder health, milk yield, and composition. J. Dairy Sci., 100(8):6,554-6,561.
Tolboom RK., Snoep JJ., Sampimon OC., Sol J. and Lam TJ. (2008). Mycoplasma mastitis bij het rund [Mycoplasma mastitis in dairy cattle]. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 133(3):96-101.
van Soest FJS., Santman-Berends IMGA., Lam TJGM. and Hogeveen H. (2016). Failure and preventive costs of mastitis on Dutch dairy farms. J. Dairy Sci., 99(10):8,365-8,374.
Verbeke J., Piepers S., Supré K. and De Vliegher S. (2014). Pathogen-specific incidence rate of clinical mastitis in Flemish dairy herds, severity, and association with herd hygiene. J. Dairy Sci., 97(11):6,926-6,934.
Wilson DJ., Gonzalez RN. and Das HH. (1997). Bovine mastitis pathogens in New York and Pennsylvania: prevalence and effects on somatic cell count and milk production. J. Dairy Sci., 80(10):2,592-2,598.
Zhao X. and Lacasse P. (2008). Mammary tissue damage during bovine mastitis: causes and control. J. Anim Sci., 86:57-65.
