POTENTIAL OF FENUGREEK AS A NUTRACEUTICAL AND FUNCTIONAL FOOD INGREDIENT
Keywords:
Nutraceuticals, Fenugreek, Bioactive components, Functional ingredient, Antioxidant, Anti-Microbial, Hypocholesterolemic, Anti-Carcinogenic, Anti-Diabetic, Immunostimulatory, GalactagogueAbstract
There is a great demand for nutraceuticals and healthy foods in today’s World. Fenugreek is one of the oldest medicinal plants and is considered to have a good nutraceutical value. It belongs to the category of herbal drugs with minimal or no side effects. Fenugreek is antioxidant, anti-microbial, hypocholesterolemic, anti-carcinogenic, anti-diabetic, immunostimulatory, and a galactagogue. These nutraceutical properties of fenugreek are due to the bioactive components present in it such as diosgenin, galactomannan, etc. Fenugreek can be incorporated into different food products as a functional ingredient to enhance their nutritional value but this may impact the physical, chemical, and organoleptic properties of foods. The present paper reviews the bioactive components and nutraceutical properties of fenugreek with its impact on the properties of foods after being incorporated as a functional ingredient.
References
Abas, A.S.M. and Naguib, D.M. (2019). Effect of germination on anticancer activity of Trigonella foenum seeds extract. Bio. and Agri. Bio., 18:101,067.
Afzal, B., Pasha, I., Zahoor, T., and Nawaz, H. (2016). Nutritional potential of fenugreek supplemented bread with special reference to antioxidant profiling. Pak. J. Agri. Sci., 53(1):217-223
Al-Timimi, L.A.N., (2019). Antibacterial and anticancer activities of fenugreek seed extract. Asian Pac. J Cancer Prev. 20(12):3,771-3,776
Altuntas, E., Ozgoz, E., and Taser, OF. (2005). Some physical properties of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graceum L.) seeds. J. of Food Eng., 71:37-43
Antolovich, M., Prenzler, PD., Patsalides, E., McDonald, S., and Robards, K., (2002). Methods for testing antioxidant activity. Analyst., 127(1):183-198
Anwar, S., Desai, S., Eidi, M., and Eidi, A., (2011). Chapter 56-Antidiabetic Activities of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) Seeds. Nuts and Seeds in Health and Disease Prevention., 469-478
Aruna, R., Manjula, B., Penchalaraju, M., and Chandrika, C. (2017). Effect of fenugreek seed mucilage on physicochemical properties of Mosam. J. of Pharmacognosy and Phy.,7(1):1,887-1,890
Baba, W.N. and Bhat, M.M., (2018). Some nutraceutical properties fenugreek seeds and shoots (Trigonella foenum graecum L.) from the high Himalayan region. Food Bioscience., (23):31-37.
Belguith-Hadriche, O., Bouaziz, M., Jamoussi, K., Simmonds, MS., EI Feki, A., and Makni-Ayedi, F. (2013). Comparative study on hypocholesterolemic and antioxidant activities of various extracts of fenugreek seeds. Food Chem.,139(2-3):1,448-53
Bin-Hafeez, B., Haque, R., Parvez, S., Pandey, S., Sayeed, I., and Raisuddin, S. (2003). Immunomodulatory effects of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum L.) extract in mice. International Immunopharmacology., 3(2):257-265
Chalghoumi. R. and Hedi. A. (2016). Antibacterial Activity of Fenugreek Seeds (Trigonella foenum-graecum) Crude Extracts Against a Rabbit Escherichia coli Isolate, Project: Nutrition and digestive health of growing rabbits.
Chanda, S., Tiwari, R.K., Kumar, A., and Singh, K. (2019). "Nutraceuticals Inspiring the Current Therapy for Lifestyle Diseases". Advances in Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences., 2019(6908716):5
Chatterjee, S., Variyar, P.S., and Sharma, A. (2010). Bioactive lipid constituents of fenugreek. Food Chem., 119(1):349-353
Dhawi, F., El-Beltagi, H.S., Aly, E., and Hamed (2020). A.M. Antioxidant, Antibacterial Activities and Mineral Content of Buffalo Yoghurt Fortified with Fenugreek and Moringa oleifera Seed Flours. Foods., 9:1,157.
Dixit P, Ghaskadbi S, Mohan H, Devasagayam T.P. (2005). Antioxidant properties of germinated fenugreek seeds. Phytother Res., 19(11):977-83.
Dudeja, P. and Gupta, RK. (2017). Ch-40 Nutraceuticals. Food Safety in the 21st Century., 491-496
Elder, C. (2004). Ayurveda for diabetes mellitus: a review of the biomedical literature. Altern Ther Health Med., 10:44-50.
El-Soud, N.H.A., Khalil, M.Y., Hussein, J.S., Oraby, F.S.H., and Farrag, A.R.H. (2007). Antidiabetic Effects of Fenugreek Alkaloid Extract in Streptozotocin-Induced Hyperglycemic Rats. J. of Applied Sciences Research., 3(10):1,073-1,083.
Zaki, F.E. (2018) Incorporation of fenugreek seed powder and its effects on the quality properties during frozen storage. J. of Advances in Food Sci. and Technol., 5(1):8-14
Flammang, A., Cifone, M., Erexson, G., and Stankowski, L. (2004). Genotoxicity testing of a fenugreek extract. Food Chem. Toxicology., 11:1,769-1,775.
Garima Verma and Manoj Kumar Mishra (2016), A review on nutraceuticals: Classification and its role in various diseases. Int. J. of Pharmacy and Therapeutics., 7(4):152-160
Ghosh, D. (2020). An overview of fenugreek’s origin, plant chemistry and therapeutic potential in nutraceuticals., Vita foods
Goyal, S., Gupta, N., and Chatterjee, S. (2016) "Investigating Therapeutic Potential of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. as Our Defense Mechanism against Several Human Diseases". J. of Toxicology., 2016.
Gupta, U., Rudramma, Rati, E.R., and Joseph, R. (1998). Nutritional quality of lactic fermented bitter gourd and fenugreek leaves. Int. J. of Food Sci. and Nutrition, 49(2):101-108.
Gurunath, S. (2019) Antihypertensive and Hypocholesterolemic activity of a novel herbal formulation of fenugreek, cumin, and ajowan in rats. J. of Exploratory Research in Pharmacology., 4:41-47.
Hozzein, W.N., Saleh, AM., Habeeb, T.H., and Wadaan, M.A.M. (2019). CO2 treatment improves the hypocholesterolemic and antioxidant properties of fenugreek seeds. Food Chemistry., 308
Indrani, D., Rajiv, J., and Rao, G.V. (2010). Influence of fenugreek on the dough rheology, microstructure, and quality of parotta- AN I. J. of Texture Studies., 41(2):208-223.
Jain, P. and Pundir, R.K. (2013) Nutraceuticals: Recent Developments and Future Prospectives. In: Shahid M., Shahzad A., Malik A., Sahai A. (eds) Recent Trends in Biotechnology and Therapeutic Applications of Medicinal Plants. Springer, Dordrecht.
Jia, W., Gao, W.Y., and Xiao, P.G. (2003) Antidiabetic drugs of plant origin used in China: Composition, pharmacology and hypoglycemic mechanisms. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi., 28:108-113
Jyotsana, R., Indrani, D., Sai Manohar, R., and Venkateshwara Rao, G. (2010). Effect of fenugreek on the textural characteristics and microstructure of vermicelli from Triticum Durum Wheat semolina. J. of Food Processing and Preservation., 35(3):320-326.
Kausar, T., Kausar, M.A., Khan, S., Haque, S., and Azad, Z.R.A.A. (2021) Optimum Additive Composition to Minimize Fat in Functional Goat Meat Nuggets: A Healthy Red Meat Functional Food. Processes., 9:475.
Khalil, MIM., Ibrahim, MM., El- Gaaly, GA., and Sultan, AS. (2015). Trigonella foecum (fenugreek) induced apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cell line, Hep G2, mediated by upregulation of p 53 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen, Biomed research international.
Khamees, A.H., Fawzi, H.A., and Sahib, HB., (2020). Phytochemical investigation and assessment of the hypoglycemic activity of two herbal extracts from selected Iraqi medicinal plants in alloxan-Stimulated diabetic rats a comparative study, F1000 Research
Khole, S., Chatterjee, S., Variyar, P., Sharma, A., Devasagayam, T.P.A., and Ghaskadbi, S. (2014). Bioactive constituents of germinated fenugreek seeds with strong antioxidant potential. J. of Functional Foods., 6:270-279.
Loew, D. and Kaszkin, M., (2002) Approaching the problem of bioequivalence of Herbal Medicinal Products. Phytother Res., 16:705-71
Lu, FR., Shen, L., Qin, Y., Gao, L., Li, H., and Dai, Y. (2008). Clinical observation on trigonella foenum-graecum L. total saponins in combination with sulfonylureas in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Chin J. Integr Med. Mar.,14(1):56-60.
Mahbub, J., Mou, R.A., Sikta, S.A., Rahman, A., and Dash, P. (2018). Biological and medicinal significance of Trigonella foenum graecum. Int. j. of life sci. and review., 70:64
Mahbub, J., Mou, R.A., Sikta, S.A., Rahman, A., and Dash, P. (2018) Biological and medicinal significance of Trigonella foenum graecum. Int. j. of life sci. and review., 70:64
Mahmood, M.N., Yahya, IK. (2019) Nutrient and phytochemical composition of fenugreek (Trigonella Foenum graecum) seeds. Int. J. of Sci. Basic and applied research., 36(3):203-213
Marzouk, M., Soliman, A.M., and Omar, T.Y. (2013). Hypoglycemic and antioxidant effects of fenugreek and termis seeds powder in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences., 17:559-565
Meghwal, M. and Goswami, T.K. (2012). A review on functional properties, nutritional content, medicinal utilization, and potential application of Fenugreek. J. Food Process Technol., 3:9
Najeeb, Mohammed., Shere, D.M., Syed, Zubair., Sawate, A.R., Gadhe, K.S. (2018). Studies on Physico-chemical and sensory quality of noodles incorporated with fenugreek leaves (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) puree. Int. J. of Chemical Studies., 6(2):3,150-3,153
Muhammad, D.R.A., Zulfa, F., Purnomo, D., Widiatmoko, C., and Fibri, D.L.N. (2021). Consumer acceptance of chocolate formulated with functional ingredient, The 7th International Conference on Sustainable Agriculture and Environment IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science., 637.
Narender, T., Puri, A., Khali, T., Saxena. R., and Bhatiac ,G. (2005). Hydroxyisoleucine an unusual amino acid as antidyslipidemic and antihyperglycemic agent. Bioorg Med. Chem. Lett 16: 293-296.16.
Hamid Omer Ibrahim Ahmed. and Nafessa Ahmed Musa Abdelrahman. (2012). Effect of Adding Cardamom, Cinnamon and Fenugreek to Goat’s Milk Curd on the Quality of White Cheese During Storage. Int. J. of Dairy Sci., 7:43-50.
Prakash, V. and Boekel, M.A.J.S. (2010). Nutraceuticals. Ensuring Global Food Safety., 333-338.
Premanath, R., Sudisha, J., Devi, NL. and Aradhya SM. (2011). Antibacterial and Anti-oxidant Activities of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum L.) Leaves. Research J. of Medicinal Plants., 5:695-705.
Priya. V., Jananie. R.K., and Vijayalakshmi. K. (2011). GC/MS determination of bioactive components of Trigonella foenum grecum. J. Chem. Pharm. Res., 3(5):35-40
Qureshi, A. I., Ahmad, S.R., Nazir, T., Pal, M.A., Sofi, A.S., Rovida, M., and Jalal, H. (2018). Efficacy of fenugreek seed powder for the development of functional spent hen meat patties. J. of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 6(5):353-356
Raju, J., Patlolla, JM., Swamy, MV., and Rao, CV. (2004). Diosgenin, a steroid saponin of Trigonella foenum graecum (Fenugreek), inhibits azoxymethane-induced aberrant crypt foci formation in F344 rats and induces apoptosis in HT-29 human colon cancer cells. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. Aug., 13(8):1,392-8.
Rehman, S., Srinivasan, S., and Amatullah, N., (2012) Screening and biochemical quantification of phytochemicals in fenugreek (Trigonela foenum graecum) Research Journal of Pharmaceutical. Biological and Chemical Sciences., 3(1):165
Robert, S.D., Ismail, A.A., and Rosli, W.I.W. (2015). Reduction of postprandial blood glucose in healthy subjects by buns and flatbreads incorporated with fenugreek seed powder. European J. of Nutrition., 55(7):2,275-2,280.
Sakks, A.E., Salama, M., and Salama, K., (2014). The effect of fenugreek Herbal tea and palm dates on breast milk production and infant weight. J. of Pediatric Sci. January., 3:1,473-14.
Salehi Surmaghi, M.H., (2008). Medicinal plants and herbal therapy. Vol-1, Tehran. Iran: Tehra University Press., 253-254
Saxena, M., Saxena, J., Nema. R., Singh, D., and Gupta, A. (2013). Phytochemistry of Medicinal Plants. J. of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry., 1(6):168-182.
Sevrin, T., Gaubau, M.C.A., Castellano, B., Aguesse, A., Ouguerram, K., Ngyuen, P., Darmaun, D., and Boquien, C.Y. (2019) Impact of fenugreek in rodent models of Lactation challenge. Nutrients, October., 11:2,571.
Shabbeers, S., Sobolewski, M., Anchoori, RK., Kachhab, S., Hidalgo, M., Jimeno, A., Davidson, NE., Carducci, M., and Khan, SR. (2009). Fenugreek: A naturally occurring edible spice as an anticancer agent. Cancer Biology and Therapy., 8(3)272-278.
Sharma, V., Singh, P., and Rani, A. (2017) Antimicrobial activity of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (Fenugreek). Eur Exp Biol., 7:1
Srivastava, D., Rajiv, J., Mahadevamma, Naidu, MM., Puranaik, J., Srinivas P. (2012) Effect of Fenugreek Seed Husk on the Rheology and Quality Characteristics of Muffins. Food and Nutrition Sciences., 3:1473-14.
Shirani, G. and Ganesharanee, R. (2009). Extruded products with Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecium) chickpea and rice: Physical properties, sensory acceptability, and glycaemic index. J. of Food Eng., 90(1):44-52.
Shrinivasan. K. (2006). Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) A review of health beneficial physiological effects. Food Rev. Int., 22(2):203-304
Sindhu, G., Ratheesh, M., Shyni, G. L., Nambisan, B., and Helen, A. (2012). Anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects of mucilage of Trigonella foenum graecum (Fenugreek) on adjuvant-induced arthritic rats. International Immuno pharmacology., 12(1):205-211,
Singh P., Bajpai V., Gond V., Kumar A., Tadigoppula N., and Kumar B. (2020). Determination of Bioactive Compounds of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum- graecum) Seeds Using LC-MS Techniques. In: Jain M., Garg R. (eds) Legume Genomics. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 2107. Humana, New York, NY.
Sonu, Wani, S.A. and Kumar, P. (2015). Development of Cookies Using Fenugreek Seed Extract as a Functional Ingredient. Int. J. of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics., 3(1)
Sowmya, P. and Rajyalakshmi, P. (1999). Hypocholesterolemic effect of germinated fenugreek seeds in human subjects. Plant food and human nutrition., 53:359-365.
Srinivas P. (2012) Effect of Fenugreek Seed Husk on the Rheology and Quality Characteristics of Muffins. Food and Nutrition Sciences., 3:1473-14.
Télessy, IG., (2019) Chapter 24-Nutraceuticals, The Role of Functional Food Security in Global Health. Academic Press., 409-421.
Trehan, A., Sharma, A., Naik, B., Singh, A., and Kumar, V. (2019) Infusion of herbs for development of functional paneer: A mini-review. J. of Pharmacognosy and Phy. 8(3):1,969-1,972.
Tripathi, S., Mauryal, A.K., Kahrana, M., Kauland, A., and Sahu, R.K., (2012). Immunomodulatory property of ethanolic extract of Trigonella Foenum Graeceum leaves on mice. Scholars Research Library., 4(2):708-713
Turkyilmaz, C., Onal, E., and Hirfanoglu, IM. (2011) The effect of galactagogue herbal tea on breast milk production and short-term catch-up of birth weight in the first week of life. J. Altern Complement Med., 17:139-42.
Tyagi, A. (2021) Neutraceutical the Main Element in Food-An Opinion. J. Nutraceuticals Food Sci., 6:1-1.
Varjas T, Nowrasteh G, Budán F, Horváth G, Cseh J, Gyöngyi Z, Makai S, Ember I. (2011). The effect of fenugreek on the gene expression of arachidonic acid metabolizing enzymes. Phytother Res., 25(2):221-7.
Walli, R.R., Al-Musrati, R.A., Eshtewi, H.M., (2015). Screening of antimicrobial activity of fenugreek seeds. Pharm Pharmacol Int. J., 2(4):122-124.
Wani, S.A. and Kumar, P. (2015). Fenugreek enriched extruded product: optimization of ingredients using response surface methodology. Int. Food Research J., 23(1):18-25
Yadav, A., Kumari, R., Yadav, A., Mishra, J.P., Srivatva, S., and Prabha, S. (2016). Antioxidants and its functions in human body-A Review. Research in Environment and Life Sciences., 9(11):1,328-1,331.
