EFFECTS OF FOOT MUSCLE EXERCISE ON HARD AND ELASTIC SURFACES IN PERSONS WITH LOW-ARCHED FEET
Keywords:
Elastic surface, Foot muscle exercise, Hard surface, Low-arched feetAbstract
This study examines the effects that functional intrinsic foot muscle exercises for six weeks can have on the hard and elastic surfaces of the arch of the foot in persons with low-arched feet. The 33 participants were all student volunteers aged between 18 and 23 years old. The arch of the foot was measured with the longitudinal arch angle and the functional foot stability was measured using the Balance Error Scoring System. The participants were divided into three groups of 11: control group, exercise on hard surfaces group and exercise on elastic surfaces group. The results showed significant differences (p<0.05) in the arch of both feet between the control and the exercise groups. However, there was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the arch of both feet between the exercise groups. The stability of both feet was not significantly different (p>0.05) between any groups.
References
Aragao, F.A., Karamanidis, K., Vaz, M.A., and Arampatzis, A. (2011). Mini-trampoline exercise related to mechanisms of dynamic stability improves the ability to regain balance in elderly. J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol., 21(3):512-518.
Atik, A. and Ozyurek, S. (2014). Flexible flatfoot. North. Clin. Istanb., 1(1):57-64.
Diracoglu, D., Aydin, R., Baskent, A., and Celik, A. (2005). Effects of kinesthesia and balance exercises in knee osteoarthritis. J. Clin. Rheumatol., 11(6):303-310.
Djun, M.H.T. and Tan, J.C.C. (2015). The effect of taping on foot structure, functional foot stability and running gait patterns of the foot. J. Sports. Sci., 3:11-21.
Elftman, H. (1969). Dynamic structure of the human foot. Artif. Limbs., 13(1):49-58.
Fourchet, F. and McKeon, P. (2015). Foot core strengthening: an update about the intrinsic foot muscles recruitment. Br. J. Sports. Med., 49(S1):A6.
Fritz, M. and Peikenkamp, K. (2003). Simulation of the influence of sports surfaces on vertical ground reaction forces during landing. Med. Biol. Eng. Comput., 41(1):11-17.
Gefen, A. (2001). Simulations of foot stability during gait characteristic of ankle dorsiflexor weakness in the elderly. IEEE. Trans. Neural. Syst. Rehabil. Eng., 9(4):333-337.
Gray, E.G. and Basmajian, J.V. (1968). Electromyography and cinematography of leg and foot ("normal" and flat) during walking. Anat. Rec., 161(1):1-15.
Han, J., Koo, H., Jung, J., Kim, Y., and Lee, J. (2011). Differences in plantar foot pressure and cop between flat and normal feet during walking. J. Phys. Ther. Sci., 23(4):683-685.
Hrysomallis, C. (2007). Relationship between balance ability, training and sports injury risk. Sports. Med., 37(6):547-556.
Jung, D.Y., Kim, M.H., Koh, E.K., Kwon, O.Y., Cynn, H.S., and Lee, W.H. (2011). A comparison in the muscle activity of the abductor hallucis and the medial longitudinal arch angle during toe curl and short foot exercises. Phys. Ther. Sport., 12(1):30-35.
Kanchanasamut, W. and Pensri, P. (2017). Effects of weight-bearing exercise on a mini-trampoline on foot mobility, plantar pressure and sensation of diabetic neuropathic feet; a preliminary study. Diabet. Foot. Ankle., 8(1):1,287,239.
Kelly, L.A., Cresswell, A.G., Racinais, S., Whiteley, R., and Lichtwark, G. (2014). Intrinsic foot muscles have the capacity to control deformation of the longitudinal arch. J. R. Soc. Interface., 11(93):20,131,188.
Kim, E.K. and Kim, J.S. (2016). The effects of short foot exercises and arch support insoles on improvement in the medial longitudinal arch and dynamic balance of flexible flatfoot patients. J. Phys. Ther. Sci., 28(11):3,136-3,139.
Kodithuwakku Arachchige, S.N.K., Chander, H., and Knight, A. (2019). Flatfeet: biomechanical implications, assessment and management. Foot., 38:81-85.
Kolooli, M. (2014). The effects of 8 weeks corrective exercise program on the navicular height of teens with flat feet. Asian. J. Multidiscip. Stud., 2(5):96-99.
Lee, M.S., Vanore, J.V., Thomas, J.L., Catanzariti, A.R., Kogler, G., Kravitz, S.R., Miller, S.J., Gassen, S.C. (2005). Diagnosis and treatment of adult flatfoot. J. Foot. Ankle. Surg., 44(2):78-113.
McPoil, T.G. and Cornwall, M.W. (2005). Use of the longitudinal arch angle to predict dynamic foot posture in walking. J. Am. Podiatr. Med. Assoc., 95(2):114-120.
Mientjes, M. and Shorten, M. (2003). Effects of surface modulus and curvature on plantar pressure distribution beneath the heel. Proceedings of the 6th International Society of Biomechanics Symposium on Footwear Biomechanics; 2003; Queenstown, New Zealand, np.
Namsawang, J., Eungpinichpong, W., Vichiansiri, R., and Rattanathongkom, S. (2019). Effects of the short foot exercise with neuromuscular electrical stimulation on navicular height in flexible flatfoot in Thailand: a randomized controlled trial. J. Prev. Med. Public. Health., 52(4):250-257.
Nilsson, M.K., Friis, R., Michaelsen, M.S., Jakobsen, P.A., and Nielsen, R.O. (2012). Classification of the height and flexibility of the medial longitudinal arch of the foot. J. Foot. Ankle. Res., 5:3.
Okamura, K., Kanai, S., Fukuda, K., Tanaka, S., Ono, T., and Oki, S. (2019). The effect of additional activation of the plantar intrinsic foot muscles on foot kinematics in flat-footed subjects. Foot., 38:19-23.
Pandey, S., Pal, C.P., Kumar, D., and Singh, P. (2013). Flatfoot in Indian population. J. Orthop. Surg. (Hong Kong)., 21(1):32-3.
Sivachandiran, S. and Kumar, G.V. (2016). Effect of corrective exercises programme among athletes with flat feet on foot alignment factors. Int. J. Phys. Educ.Sports Health., 3(6):193-196.
Sulowska, I., Oleksy, Ł., Mika, A., Bylina, D., and Sołtan, J. (2016). The influence of plantar short foot muscle exercises on foot posture and fundamental movement patterns in long-distance runners, a non-randomized, non-blinded clinical trial. PLoS. One., 11(6):e0157917.
Tahmasebi, R., Karimi, M.T., Satvati, B., and Fatoye, F. (2015). Evaluation of standing stability in individuals with flatfeet. Foot. Ankle. Spec., 8(3):168-174.
Tantaopas, W., Jitchanvichai, J., Laisiriroengrai, T., Jenjai, N., Julphakee, T., Theera-Umpon, N., Vaseenon, T., Phuackchantuck, R., Harnsiriwattanakit, K., and Sudwan, P. (2018). Prevalence and associated factors of flatfoot in third-year medical students at Chiang Mai University. Chula. Med. J., 62(3):627-637.
Tessutti, V., Ribeiro, A.P., Trombini-Souza, F., and Sacco, I.C.N. (2012). Attenuation of foot pressure during running on four different surfaces: asphalt, concrete, rubber, and natural grass. J. Sports. Sci., 30(14):1,545-1,550.
Welte, L., Kelly, L., Lichtwark, G., and Rainbow, M. (2018). Influence of the windlass mechanism on arch-spring mechanics during dynamic foot arch deformation. J. R. Soc. Interface., 15(145):20,180,270.
Zhao, X., Tsujimoto, T., Kim, B., Katayama, Y., Wakaba, K., Wang, Z., and Tanaka, K. (2016). Effects of increasing physical activity on foot structure and ankle muscle strength in adults with obesity. J. Phys. Ther. Sci., 28(8):2,332-2,336.
