SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF LITHIUM SILICATE AND POTASSIUM SILICATE FROM RICE HUSK ASH BY HYDROTHERMAL-MICROWAVE METHOD AND APPLICATION FOR BIODIESEL CATALYST
Keywords:
Alkali metal silicate, Rice husk ash, Hydrothermal-microwave method, Biodiesel catalystAbstract
Rice husk ash (RHA) is an agricultural by-product material. When analyzed, it was found that the silica content comprised a high component of 92-95% by weight. Silica could be converted to silicate compounds of lithium and potassium. This research studied the synthesis of silicate compounds of lithium and potassium by the hydrothermal microwave method. Lithium and potassium silicate were used as a heterogeneous biodiesel catalyst. The synthesis studies were of varying types and concentrations of alkali hydroxide (Li and K), including the wattage of the microwave oven and time of reaction. The alkali metal silicate (Li and K) were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer, X-ray diffractometer, and Raman spectrometer. The concentration of 10M of alkali hydroxide at 800 watts for 10 min. was under optimized conditions for the formation of lithium and potassium silicate. Scanning electron microscopy was used to analyze the crystalline characterization of lithium and potassium silicate that influenced the catalyst. These silicate compounds were then utilized as a biodiesel catalyst and provided methyl ester at 22.20% and 88.40% by weight, respectively, determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
References
Alrobaian, A., Rajasekar, V., and Alagumalai, A. (2019). Critical insight into biowaste-derived biocatalyst for biodiesel production. Environmental progress & Sustainable energy., 13391:1-12.
Atadashi, I.M., Aroua, M.K., Abdul Aziz, A.R., and Sulaiman, N.M.N. (2013). The effects of catalysts in biodiesel production: A review. J. Indus. Eng. Chem., 19:14-26.
Ault, A.P. and Pomeroy, R. (2012). Quantitative investigations of biodiesel fuel using infrared spectroscopy: An instrumental analysis experiment for undergraduate chemistry students. J. Chem. Educ., 89:243-247.
Birla, A., Singh, B., Upadhyay, S.N., and Sharma, Y.C. (2012).Kinetics studies of synthesis of biodiesel from wast frying oil using a heterogeneous catalyst delived from snail shell. Biosou. Technol., 106:95-100.
Calahoo, C., Zwanziger, J.W., and Butler, I.S. (2016). Mechanical-structural investigation of ion-exchanged lithium silicate glass using micro-Raman spectroscopy. J. Phys. Chem., 120:7,213-7,232.
Castro, C., Ferrreti, C., Cosimo, J.I.D., and Assaf, J.M. (2012). Support influence on the basicity promotion of lithium-based mixed oxides for transesterification reaction. Fuel., 06.072:1-8.
Chen, G.Y., Shan, R., Shi, J.F., and Yan, B.B. (2015). Transesterification of palm oil to biodiesel using rice husk ash-based catalysts. Fuel Proc. Technol., 133:8-13.
Chen, K.T., Wang, J.X., Dai, Y.M., Wang,P.H., Liou, C.Y., Nien, C.W., Wu, J.S., and Chen, C.C. (2013). Rice husk ash as a catalyst precursor for biodiesel production. J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng., 01.006:1-9.
Cherikkallinmel, K.S., Sugunan, S., Narayanan, B.N., Faisal, P.A., and Benjamin, S. (2016). Statisttical optimization for lithium silicate catalyzed production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil. Korean Inst. Chem. Energy., p. 1-12.
Coyle, J.E., Brumbach, M.T., Veith, G.M., and Apblett, C.A. (2020). Investigating the chemical reactivity of lithium silicate model SEI layers. J. Phys. Chem., 124:8,153-8,161.
Dai, Y.M., Chen, K.T., Wang, P.H., and Chen, C.C. (2016). Solid-base catalysts for biodiesel production by using silica in agricultural wastes and lithium carbonate. Adv. Powder Technol., 10:1-7.
Dai, Y.M., Lin, J.H., Huang, S.T., Lee, W.L.W., Hsieh, C.H., Chen, F.H., and Chen, C.C. (2020). Natural soil and lithium carbonate as economical solid-base catalysts for biodiesel production. Ener. Report., 6:2,743-2,750.
Della, V.P., Kuhn, I., and Hotza, D. (2002). Rice husk ash as an alternate source for active silica production. Mater., 57:818-821.
Dodds, E.D., McCoy, M.R., Rea, L.D., and Kennish, J.M. (2005). Gas chromatographic quantification of fatty acid methyl esters: flame ionization detection vs. electron impact mass spectrometry. Lipids., 4(4):419-428.
Ghiaci, M., Aghabarari, B., and Gil, A. (2011). Production of biodiesel by esterification of natural fatty acids over modifired organoclay catalysts. Fuel., 90:3,382-3,389.
Gog, A., Roman, M., Tosa, M., Paizs, C., and Irimie, F.D. (2012). Biodiesel production using enzymatic transesterification-current state and perspectives. Renew. Energy., 39:10-16.
Halasz, I., Agarwal, M., Li, R., and Miller, N. (2010). What can vibrational spectroscopy tell about the structure of dissolved sodium silicates? Microp. Mesop. Mater., 135:74-81
Hindryawati, N., Maniam, G.P., Karim, M.R., and Chong, K.F. (2014). Transesterificarion of used cooking oil over alkali metal (Li, Na, K) supported rice husk silica as potential solid base catalyst. Eng. Sci. Technol. Int. J., 04.002: 1-9.
Kalapathy, U., Proctor, A., and Shultz, J. (2002). An improved method for production of silica from rice hull ash. Biores. Technol., 85:285-289.
Luna, D., Calero, J., Sancho, E.D., Luna, C., Posadillo, A., Bautista, F.M., Romero, A.A., Berbel, J., and Verdugo, C. (2014). Technological challenges for the production of biodiesel in arid lands. J. Acid. Environ., 102:127-138.
Maneerung, T., Kawi, S., and Wnag, C.H. (2015). Biomass gasification bottom ash a source of CaO catalyst for biodiesel production via transesterification of palm oil. Energy Conv. Manag., 92:234-243.
Mansha, M., Javed, S.H., Kazami, M., and Feroze, N. (2011). Study of rice husk ash as potential source of acid resistance calcium silicate. Adv. Chem. Eng. Sci., 1:147-153.
Maulidiyah, Nurdin, M., Fatma, F., Natsir, M., Wibowo, D. (2017). Characterization of methyl ester compound of biodiesel from industrial liquid waste of crude palmoil processing. Anal. Chem. Res., 12:1-9.
Nomanbhay, S. and Ong, M.Y. (2017). A review of microwave-assisted reactions for biodiesel production. Bioenginee., 4(57):1-27.
Rao, K.J., Vaidhyanathan, B., Ganguli, M., and Ramakrishnan, P.A. (1999). Synthesis of inorganic solids using microwaves. Chem. Mater., 11:882-895.
Richet, P., Mysen, B.O., and Andrault, D. (1996). Melting and premelting of silicates: Raman spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction of Li2SiO3 and Na2SiO3. Phys. Chem. Miner., 23:157-172.
Saceda, J.J.F. and Leon, R.L.D. (2011). Properties of silica from rice husk and rice husk ash and their utilization for zeolite Y synthesis. Quimica Nova., 34:1,394-1,397.
Semwal, S., Arora, A.K., and Badoni, R.P. (2011). Biodiesel production using heterogenneous catalysts. Biores. Technol., 102:2,151-2,161.
Velloso, A., Souza, A.D., and Cajaiba da Silva, J.F. (2013). Biodiesel synthesis evaluated by using real-time ATR-FTIR. Organic Proc. Res. Develop., 17:127-132.
Vinu, V. and Binitha, N.N. (2020). Lithium silicate based catalysts prepared using arecanut husk ash for biodiesel production from used cooking oil. Mater. Today: Proceed., 01.210:1-5.
Wang, J.X., Chen, K.T., Wu, J.S., Wang, P.H., Huang, S.T., and Chen, C.C. (2012). Production of biodiesel through transesterification of soybean oil using lithium orthosilicate solid catalyst. Fuel Proc. Technol., 104:167-173.
Zabeti, M., Daud, W.M.A.W., and Aroua, M.K. (2009). Activity of solid catalysts for biodiesel production: A review. Fuel Proc. Technol., 90:770-777.
Zhang, F., Adachi, D., Tamalampudi, A., Kondo, A., and Tominaga, K. (2013). Real-time monitoring of the transesterification of soybean oil and methanol by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Energy Fuels., 27:5,957-5,961.
