UTILIZING POLYALUMINUM CHLORIDE (PACl) AND ALUMINUM CHLOROHYDRATE (ACH) FOR TREATING RAW WATER AND DBPs FORMATION
Keywords:
Turbidity, Color, DBPFP, Trihalomethanes, Haloacetonitrile, Water treatmentAbstract
This research is aimed at utilizing polyaluminum chloride (PACl) and aluminum chlorohydrate (ACH) for treating raw water from U-Tapao Canal, Songkhla, Thailand.Coagulation experiments were conducted to determine the effects of PACl and ACH dosages on turbidity, color, ultraviolet adsorption at a wavelength of 254 nm (UV-254), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and disinfection by-product formation potential (DBPFP) reduction. Optimal dosages of PACl and ACH for turbidity reduction were 5 mg/L and 1% w/v for raw water from the first sampling and 6 mg/L and 1% w/v for the raw water from the second sampling, respectively. ACH coagulation offered a better efficiency on color, UV-254, and DOC reduction compared to the PACl coagulation. Low dosages of PACl and ACH could slightly reduce DBPFP. The ACH coagulation could be considered as an alternative process for the reduction of turbidity, color, and DBPs precursor for water treatment plants.
References
Aguilar M., Saez J., Llorens M., Soler A., and Ortuno J. (2002). Nutrient removal and sludge production in the coagulation-flocculation process. Water Res., 2,910-2,919
Bennett, L.E. and Drikas, M. (1993). The evaluation of colour in natural waters. Water Research., 27(7):1,209-1,218
Daneshvar, N.A. (2009). Chemical water and wastewater treatment. Amidy publisher Inc. Tabriz. Iran., 121-156
Dimijian, G.G. (2000). Pathogens and Parasites: Strategies and Challenges. Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings., 13(1):19-29.
Duan, J. and Grogory, J. (2003). Coagulation by hydrolyzing metal salts. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science., 100-102.
Findlay, Stuart E.G., Robert L. Sinsabaugh., William V. Sobczak., and M. Hoostal. (2003). Metabolic and structural response of hyporheic microbial communities to variations in supply of dissolved organic matter. Limnology and Oceanography., 48(4):1,608-17.
Gauthier, V., Barbeau B., Tremblay G., Millette R., and Bernier A. (2003). Impact of raw water turbidity fluctuations on drinking water quality in a distribution system. J. Environ. Eng. Sci., 2(4):281-291.
Ghafari, S., Aziz, H. A., and Isa, M.H. (2009). Application of response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize coagulation-flocculation treatment of leachate using poly-aluminum chloride PAC) and alum. J. of Hazardous Materials., 163:650-656.
Gebbie, P. (2006). An operation guide to water treatment coagulations, 31st annual qld water industry workshop-operations skills. University Central Queensland-Rockhampton., 4-6
Gregory J. and Dupont V. (2001). Properties of flocs produced by water treatment coagulants. Water Sci. Technol., 231-236.
Herson D.S., Marshall D.R., and Victoreen, H.T. (1984). Bacterial persistence in the distribution system. Poc. Water Quality Technology Conf. Denver., 309
Jaichuedee, J., Wattanachira, S., and Musikavong, C. (2019). Kinetics of the formation and degradation of carbonaceous and nitrogenous disinfection by-products in Bangkok and Songkhla source waters. Science of the Total Environment., 70,310.
Kawamura, S. (2000). Integrated design and operation of water treatment facilities, 2nd Edition. John Wiley & Sons Inc, p 20-28
Li, F., Jiang, J.Q., Wu, S., and Zhang, B. (2010). Preparation and performance of a high purity poly-aluminum chloride. Chemical. Engineering J., 156:64-69.
McCoy, W.F. and Olson, B.H. (1986). Relationship among turbidity, particle counts and bacteriological quality within water distribution lines. Water Research., 20(8):1,023-1,029.
Metropolitan Waterworks Authority.(2017). Water Supply Information, Retrieved, Accessed date: May 31, 2017.
Musikavong, C. and Wattanachira, S. (2013). Identification of dissolved organic matter in raw water supply from reservoirs and canals as precursors to trihalomethanes formation. J. of Environmental Sci. and Health, Part A., 48:760-771.
Musikavong, C., Srimuang, K., Suksaroj, T.T., and Suksaroj, C. (2016). Formation of trihalomethanes of dissolved organic matter fractions in reservoir and canal waters. J. of Environmental Sci and Health, Part A., 51:782-791.
Phatthalung, W.N., Musikavong, C., and Suttinun, O. (2016). The presence of aliphatic and aromatic amines in reservoir and canal water as precursors to disinfection by-products. J. of Environmental Science and Health, Part A., 51:900-913.
Provincial Waterworks Authority (PWA). (2019). PWA branch statistics, Available 407, Accessed date: Sep 31, 2019.
Ratnayaka, D.D., Malcolm, J.B., and Michael, J. (2009). Water Supply. 6th edition. Kindle Edition. Butterworth-Heinemann, Jun 26, 2009.
Phatthalung, W.N. and Musikavong, C. (2019). Emerging disinfection by-products' formation potential in raw water, wastewater, and treated wastewater in Thailand. J of Environmental Sci. and Health, Part A., 54(8):745-758.
Pornsak, S. (2010). Troubleshooting: Water Quality in Water Supply Systems, Retrieved, Accessed date: May 4, 2017
Sadrnourmohamadi, M. and Gorczyca, B. (2015). Removal of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from high DOC and hardness water by chemical coagulation-relative importance of monomeric. Polymeric and colloidal aluminum species. Separation Science and Technology., 50(13).
Sawitri, T. (2009). Turbid removal from surface water by aluminum chlorohydrate, Master Dissertation. Chulalongkorn University. Bangkok, Thailand.
Shi, B., Wei, Q., Wang, D., Zhu, Z., and Tang, H. (2007). Coagulation of humic acid: The performance of preformed and non-preformed Al species. Colloids and Surfaces A: Phy. and Eng. Aspects., 296:1-3.
Tongchang, P., Kumsuvan, J., Phatthalung, W.N., Suksaroj, W., Wongrueng, C., and Musikavong, C. (2018). Reduction by Enhanced Coagulation of Dissolved Organic Nitrogen as a Precursor of N-Nitrosodimethylamine. J. of Environmental Sci. and Health. PartA., 53:583-593.
US EPA. (1999). Guidance manual turbidity provisions. Office of water and Drinking Ground water, Washington, D.C.
Verma, A.K., Bhunia, P., and Dash, R.R. (2012). Effectiveness of Aluminum Chlorohydrate (ACH) for Decolorization of Silk Dyebath Effluents. Industrial and Eng. Chem. Research., 51(25):8,646-8,651.
WHO. (2003). Assessing microbial safety of drinking water improving approaches and methods: improving approaches and methods. 1st edition. OECD Publishing., 67
WHO. (2006). Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality. First Addendum to the 3rd ed., Vol. 1, World Health Organization: Geneva., 491-492.
WHO. (2011). Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, First Addendum to the 4rd edition; Vol. 1, World Health Organization: Geneva., 224-228.
Yan, M.Q., Wang, D.S., Yu, J.F., Ni, J.R., Edwards, M., and Qu, J.H. (2008). Enhanced coagulation with polyaluminum chlorides: Role of pH/Alkalinity and speciation. Chemosphere., 71(9):1,665-1,673.
Yang. J.L., Zhu, X.F., Peng Y.X., Zheng, C., Li, G.X., Liu, Y., Shi, Y.Z., Zheng, S.J. (2011) Cell wall hemicellulose contributes significantly to aluminum adsorption and root growth in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol., 155:1,885-1,892.
Yonge, D, (2012). A comparison of aluminum and iron-based coagulants for treatment of surface water in sarasota county, Florida. Electronic theses and dissertations., 2,004-2,019.
Yonge D.T., Duranceau S.J., and Biscardi P.G. (2016). Comparing hydrolyzing to prehydrolyzed coagulants for treatment of a Florida slough. J. Environ. Eng. (United States)., 142.
