PERFORMANCE OF SOLAR GREENHOUSE SAND DRYING BEDS IN FECAL SLUDGE HEATING AND DRYING AND INACTIVATION OF OPISTHORCHIS VIVERRINI EGGS DURING WINTER IN THAILAND
Keywords:
Fecal sludge management, human excreta, parasites, solar radiationAbstract
Inadequate fecal sludge treatment is contributing to the high prevalence of Opisthorchis viverrini (OV) infections in northeast Thailand. Two configurations of solar greenhouse drying beds were assessed and compared against a conventional covered (open-air) sand drying bed during two experimental rounds. The objectives were to compare sludge heating and drying rates among the beds and to identify factors associated with inactivation of OV eggs. The sludge temperatures (C) in the greenhouse (daily x̄±SD = 32.8±1.8, 28.4±2.9) were higher than the covered open-air bed (27.0±1.8, 25.6±2.7) with 150-250 min per day >40C during sunny days, while sludge temperatures in the open-air bed never exceeded 40°C. The addition of a solar-heated water system underneath the sand drying bed increased the sludge temperature (C) further (33.9±1.8, 30.0±2.3; 350 to 450 minutes per day >40C). With proper ventilation and air circulation, the solar greenhouse sand drying beds (first-order drying rate, k = 0.092, 0.193) were also able to dry sludge at a faster rate than the open-air bed (k = 0.076). Sludge dryness, sludge temperature, and time were significantly associated with increased OV inactivation. Solar irradiance and air relative humidity were identified as factors associated with sludge drying. These results highlight the importance of balancing enclosure to increase sludge heating with ventilation to reduce relative humidity in order to optimize OV egg inactivation. Solar greenhouse sand drying beds may provide a low-cost, low-technology option for fecal sludge management in tropical Thailand.
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