PREPARATION OF SILICA-CHITOSAN HYBRID FILLERS FROM AGRICULTURAL WASTE BY SOL-GEL TECHNIQUE
Keywords:
Rice husk silica, Sodium silicate, Shrimp shell chitosan, Sol-gel, Hybrid materials, Hybrid fillersAbstract
Hybrid materials were produced by rice husk ash (RHA) and shrimp shell chitosan (CS) via sol-gel technique. Na2SiO3 solution was used as SiO2 precursor, which was prepared from acidic treatment and thermal treatment of RHA. CS was extracted from shrimp shell waste by demineralization, deproteinization, and deacetylation. Na2SiO3 solution was reacted with CS solution to get precipitated SiO2-CS hybrid materials. Hybrid material weight ratios (SiO2-CS) were 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1. The characteristics of the hybrid materials were characterized using Fourier transform Infra-red spectroscopy (FT-IR), Field Emission Scanning Electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis EDX, Surface area and pore volume by BET technique, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The FTIR spectrum of hybrid materials showed the entity of SiO2-CS which can also be observed from XRD diffraction patterns and EDX charts. The morphology of hybrid material from FE-SEM analysis exhibited rough and irregular surfaces. The optimum weight ratio of SiO2-CS to be used as a filler in polymer composite is 2:1. This ratio gave the material with the surface area, the total pore volume, the average pore diameter, and the average particle size of 441 m2/g, 0.60 cm3/g, 5 nm and 14 nm, respectively
References
Adams, F., Ikotun, B., Patrick, D., and Mulaba-Bafubiandi, A. (2014). Characterization of Rice Hull Ash and Its Performance in Turbidity Removal from Water. PARTICUL SCI TECHNOL., 32:329-333.
Ameh, A.O., Isa, M.T., Mariam AYINLA, Bassey, S.O. and Olatunji, B.M. (2015). Lactic acid demineralization of shrimp shell and chitosan synthesis. Available from: http://ljs.academicdirect.org/A26/get_htm.php?htm=057_0 66. Accessed date: 2015.
Anand, M., Kalaivani, R., Maruthupandy, M., Kumaraguru, A.K., and Suresh, S. (2014). Extraction and Characterization of Chitosan fromMarine Crab and Squilla Collected from the Gulf of Mannar Region, South India. J. Chitin Chitosan Sci., 2:1-8.
Conradi, M. (2013). Nanosilica-Reinforcement Polymer Composites. Mater. Techn., 47(3):285-293.
Ebisike, K., Okoronkwo, A.E. and Alaneme, K.K. (2018). Synthesis and characterization of Chitosan–silica hybrid aerogel using sol-gel method. J. King Saud. Univ. Sci., “In press”
El Knidri, H.E., Belaabed, R., Addaou, A., Laajeb, A., and Lahsini, A. (2018). Extraction, chemical modification and characterization of chitin and chitosan. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 120:1,181-1,189.
Hajji, S., Younes, I., Bellaaj, O.G., Hajji, R., Rinaudo, M., Nasri, M., and Jellouli, K. (2014). Structural differences between chitin and chitosan extract from three different marine sources. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 65:298-306.
Jembere, A.L. and Fanta, S.W. (2017). Studied on the Synthesis of Silica Powder from Rice Husk Ash as Reinforcement Filler in Rubber Tire Tread Past: Replaceement of Commercial Precipitated Silica. Int. J. Mat. Sci. and App., 6(1):37-44.
Kumar, S., Sangwan, P., Dhankhar, R. Mor, V., and Bidra, S. (2013). Utilization of rice husk and their ash. Res. J. Chem. Env. Sci., 1(5):126-129.
Moosa, A.A. and Saddam, B.F. (2017). Synthesis and characterization of nanosilica from rice husk with application to polymer composites. Am. J. Mater. Sci., 7(6):223-231.
Smitha, S., Shajesh, P., Mukundan, P., and Warrier, K.G.K. (2008). Sol-gel synthesis of biocompatible silica-chitosan hybrids and hydrophobic coatings. J. Mater. Res., 23(8): 2,053-2,060.
Tuan, L.N.A., Dung, L.T.K., Ha, L.D.T., Hien, N.Q., Phu, D.V. and Du, B.D. (2017). Preparation and characterization of nanosilica from rice husk ash by chemical treatment combined with calcination. Vietnam J. Chem., 55(4):455-459.
Yasmeen, S., Kabiraz1, M.K., Saha, B., Qadir, Md.R., Gafur Md.A., and. Masum, S.Md. (2016). Chromium (VI) ions removal from tannery effluent using chitosan-microcrystalline cellulose composite as adsorbent. Int. Res. J. Pure Appl. Chem., 10(4):1-14.
Yeh, J.T., Chen, C.L., and Huang, K.S. (2007). Synthesis and properties of chitosan/SiO2 hybrid mterials. Mater. Lett., 61:1,292-1,295.
Yuvakkumar, R., Elango, V., and Kannan, N. (2012). High-purity nano silica powdwe from rice husk using a simple chemical method. J. Exp. Nanosci., 1:1-10.
Zhang, X. and Cresswell, M. (2016). Silica-Base Amorphous Drug Delivery Systems. In: Inorganic Controlled Release Technology. Zhang, X. and Cresswell, M. Elsevier, Oxford, p. 93-137.
