INFLUENCE OF BIOCHAR AMENDMENTS ON SURFACE CHARGE AND BIOAVAILABILITY OF HEAVY METALS IN DEGRADED SOILS
Keywords:
Biochar, surface charge, bioavailability, heavy metal, immobilization, bioaccumulationAbstract
This study investigated the effect of 3 biochar application rates (1%, 5%, and 10%) on the pH, surface charge, and bioavailability of Cu, Pb, Zn on a degraded Acrisols soil and their accumulation in water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica). After an incubation period of 28 days, a titration experiment confirmed that increasing the biochar application rates enhanced the negative charge along with an increased pH. In an experiment spiked with metals, the 0.01 M CaCl2-extractability of the metals after incubation significantly decreased with the increasing rate of biochar additions. This is mostly attributed to a rise in the soil pH and an increase in the negative charge as result of the biochar additions. Metal extractability continued to decrease over the next 1,344 h, most probably due to the aging effect. Immobilization speeds exhibited in the order Pb>Cu>Zn, can be partially attributed to the bigger ionic radius of Pb compared to those of Cu and Zn. By the end of incubation period, extractable Cu, Pb and Zn was significantly reduced, irrespective rates of biochar application 1%, 5% or 10%. In a greenhouse experiment, water spinach was unable to grow in the 10%biochar addition because of a high alkaline pH of 9.2. The Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations and bioaccumulation factor in the grown water spinach decreased along with the increasing biochar application rates in the order 5%>1%>0%, showing a good agreement with the 0.01 M CaCl2-extractable concentrations. The bioaccumulation factors of Pb were far less than those of Cu and Zn, reflecting the immobilization speeds as concluded in the incubation tests. Therefore, biochar amendment into degraded soil for metal immobilization is feasible, provided the appropriate rate for crop growth is applied.
References
Agrafioti, E., Kalderis, D., and Diamadopoulos, E. (2014). Arsenic and chromium removal from water using biochars derived from rice husk, organic solid wastes and sewage sludge. J. Environ. Manage., 133:309-314.
Beesley, L., Moreno-Jiménez, E., and Gomez-Eyles, J.L. (2010). Effects of biochar and greenwaste compost amendments on mobility, bioavailability and toxicity of inorganic and organic contaminants in a multi-element polluted soil. Environ. Pollut., 158:2,282-2,287.
Beesley, L. and Marmiroli, M. (2011). The immobilisation and retention of soluble arsenic, cadmium and zinc by biochar. Environ. Pollut., 159:474-480.
Bradl, H.B. (2004). Adsorption of heavy metal ions on soils and soils constituents. J. Colloid Interf. Sci., 277:1-18.
Breckle, S. (1991). Growth under stress: heavy metals. In: Plant Roots: The Hidden Half. Waisel, Y., Eshel, A., and Kafkafi, U., (eds). Marcel Dekker, New York, NY, USA, p. 351-373.
Fellet, G., Marchiol, L., Delle Vedove, G., and Peressotti, A. (2011). Application of biochar on mine tailings: effects and perspectives for land reclamation. Chemosphere, 83:1,262-1,267.
Glaser, B., Lehmann, J., and Zech, W. (2002). Ameliorating physical and chemical properties of highly weathered soils in the tropics with charcoal - a review. Biol. Fert. Soils, 35:219-230.
Houba, V.J.G., Lexmond, T.M., Novozamsky, I., and Van der Lee, J.J. (1996). State of the art and future developments in soil analysis for bioavailability assessment. Sci. Total Environ., 178:21-28.
Houben, D., Evrard, L., and Sonnet, P. (2013). Mobility, bioavailability and pH-dependent leaching of cadmium, zinc and lead in a contaminated soil amended with biochar. Chemosphere, 92:1,450-1,457.
Jeffery, S., Verheijen, F.G., Van der Velde, M., and Bastos, A.C. (2011). A quantitative review of the effects of biochar application to soils on crop productivity using meta-analysis. Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 144:175-187.
Jiang, J., Xu, R-K., Jiang, T-Y., and Li, Z. (2012). Immobilization of Cu(II), Pb(II) and Cd(II) by the addition of rice straw derived biochar to a simulated polluted Ultisol. J. Hazard. Mater., 229-230:145-150.
Karami, N., Clemente, R., Moreno-Jiménez, E., Lepp, N.W., and Beesley, L. (2011). Efficiency of green waste compost and biochar soil amendments for reducing lead and copper mobility and uptake to ryegrass. J. Hazard. Mater., 191:41-48.
Lewis, S., Donkin, M., and Depledge, M. (2001). Hsp70 expression in Enteromorpha intestinalis (Chlorophyta) exposed to environmental stressors. Aquat. Toxicol., 51:277-291.
Lindsay, W.L. (1979). Chemical Equilibria in Soils. John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., New York, NY, USA, 449p.
Ma, Y., Lombi, E., Oliver, I.W., Nolan, A.L., and McLaughlin, M.J. (2006). Long-term aging of copper added to soils. Environ. Sci. Technol., 40:6,310-6,317.
Matovic, D. (2011). Biochar as a viable carbon sequestration option: Global and Canadian perspective. Energy, 36:2,011-2,016.
McBride, M. and Blasiak, J. (1979). Zinc and copper solubility as a function of pH in an acid soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 43:866-870.
Nguyen, N.M., Pham, V.Q., Dam, T.N.H., and Nguyen, T.H. (2014). Application of electro-kinetic technique in determining surface charge density of selected soil minerals. Vietnam Journal of Soil Science., p. 5-10.
Nguyen, V.H. (2019). Comparison of the physico-chemical properties of biochar with their utility for water remediation and fertilisation, [Ph.D. thesis]. School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK, 201p.
Nguyen, V.Q (1992). Growing Asian Vegetables. Agriculture Agfact H8.1.37. NSW Agriculture, Orange, NSW, Australia, 16p.
Nuamah, A., Malmgren, A., Riley, G., and Lester, E. (2012). 5.05 - Biomass co-firing. In: Comprehensive Renewable Energy. Sayigh, A., (ed). Elsevier, Oxford, UK, p. 55-73.
Ouzounidou, G., Ilias, I., Tranopoulou, H., and Karataglis, S. (1998). Amelioration of copper toxicity by iron on spinach physiology. J. Plant Nutr., 21:2,089-2,101.
Park, J.H., Choppala, G.K., Bolan, N.S., Chung, J.W., and Chuasavathi, T. (2011). Biochar reduces the bioavailability and phytotoxicity of heavy metals. Plant Soil, 348:439-451.
Rillig, M.C., Wagner, M., Salem, M., Antunes, P.M., George, C., Ramke, H-G., Titirici, M-M., and Antonietti, M. (2010). Material derived from hydrothermal carbonization: effects on plant growth and arbuscular mycorrhiza. Appl. Soil Ecol., 45:238-242.
SAS Institute, Inc. (2002). SAS/STAT User’s Guide, Release 6.03 Edition. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC, USA.
Sohi, S.P. (2012). Carbon storage with benefits. Science, 338:1,034-1,035.
Stadtman, E.R. and Oliver, C.N. (1991). Metal-catalyzed oxidation of proteins. Physiological consequences. J. Biol. Chem., 266:2,005-2,008.
Sumner, M. and Miller, W. (1996). Cation exchange capacity and exchange coefficients. In: Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 3 - Chemical Methods. Sparks, D.L., Page, A.L., Helmke, P.A., Loeppert, R.H., Soltanpour, P.N., Tabatabai, M.A., Johnston, C.T., and Sumner, M.E., (eds). Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, USA, p. 1,201-1,229.
Tabak, H.H., Scharp, R., Burckle, J., Kawahara, F.K., and Govind, R. (2003). Advances in biotreatment of acid mine drainage and biorecovery of metals: 1. Metal precipitation for recovery and recycle. Biodegradation, 14:423-436.
Takkar, P. and Mann, M. (1978). Toxic levels of soil and plant zinc for maize and wheat. Plant. Soil., 49(3): 667-669.
Thomas, J.C., Malick, F.K., Endreszl, C., Davies, E.C., and Murray, K.S. (1998). Distinct responses to copper stress in the halophyte Mesembryanthemum crystallinum. Physiol. Plantarum, 102:360-368.
Verma, S. and Dubey, R. (2003). Lead toxicity induces lipid peroxidation and alters the activities of antioxidant enzymes in growing rice plants. Plant Sci., 164:645-655.
Xu, X., Cao, X., and Zhao, L. (2013). Comparison of rice husk- and dairy manure-derived biochars for simultaneously removing heavy metals from aqueous solutions: Role of mineral components in biochars. Chemosphere, 92:955-961.
Yadav, S. (2010). Heavy metals toxicity in plants: an overview on the role of glutathione and phytochelatins in heavy metal stress tolerance of plants. S. Afr. J. Bot., 76:167-179.
Zhang, X., Wang, H., He, L., Lu, K., Sarmah, A., Li, J., Bolan, N.S., Pei, J., and Huang, H. (2013): Using biochar for remediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals and organic pollutants. Environ. Sci. Pollut. R., 20:8,472-8,483.
