ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF GAMMA ORYZANOL FROM RICE BRAN OIL SOAPSTOCK

Van  Man Phan; Tiraporn  Junyusen; Pansa  Liplap; Payungsak  Junyusen

Authors

Van Man Phan School of Agricultural Engineering, Institute of Engineering, Suranaree University of Technology, 111 University Avenue, Muang District, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand.
Tiraporn Junyusen School of Agricultural Engineering, Institute of Engineering, Suranaree University of Technology, 111 University Avenue, Muang District, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand.
Pansa Liplap School of Agricultural Engineering, Institute of Engineering, Suranaree University of Technology, 111 University Avenue, Muang District, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand.
Payungsak Junyusen School of Agricultural Engineering, Institute of Engineering, Suranaree University of Technology, 111 University Avenue, Muang District, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand.

Keywords:

Rice bran oil soapstock, gamma oryzanol, isolation, purity

Abstract

This research investigates the effect of ethanol concentrations in an ethyl acetate/ethanol mixture and the crystallization conditions on the recovery and purity of gamma oryzanol isolated from dried rice bran soapstock, using two-step crystallization. The ethanol concentrations were between 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40% v/v, and the crystallization parameters included the solvent to crude gamma oryzanol rich fraction (ORF) ratio, crystallization temperature, and time. In the first crystallization, the solvent to ORF ratio was between 2.5:1, 5:1, 7.5:1, and 10:1 (v/v), the crystallization temperature was between -60, -45, -30, -15, and 0ºC, and the time between was 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, and 15 h. The liquid phase was subsequently subjected to a second crystallization for the gamma oryzanol crystal, where the crystallization temperatures and time were between 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20ºC and 1, 6, 11, and 15 h, respectively. The optimal ethanol concentration in the solvent mixture was 30% v/v. The optimal first-crystallization solvent to ORF ratio, crystallization temperature, and time were 7.5:1 (v/v), -15ºC, and 7.5 h, respectively. The optimal second-crystallization temperature and time were 5ºC and 6 h, with the gamma oryzanol recovery and purity of 58.03-61.17% and 87.10-90.29%, respectively. The physicochemical properties of the gamma oryzanol crystal also indicated good agreement between the isolated gamma oryzanol and the standard.

References

Chen, C-R., Lee, Y-N., Shen, C-T., Wang, L-Y., Lee, M-R., Wu, J-J., Yang, H-L., Hsu, S-L., Lai, S-M., and Chang, C-M.J. (2012). Green fluids extraction and purification of bioactive compounds from natural materials. In: Green Solvents I. Mohammad, A. and Inamuddin, A.M., (eds). Springer, Dordrecht, Germany, p. 67-75.

Das, P.K., Chaudhuri, A., Kaimal, T.N.B., and Bhalerao, U.T. (1998). Isolation of gamma-oryzanol through calcium ion induced precipitation of anionic micellar aggregates. J. Agr. Food Chem., 46(8): 3,073-3,080.

Engelmann, J.I., Ramos, L.P., Crexi, V.T., and Morais, M.M. (2017). Degumming and neutralization of rice bran oil. J. Food Process. Eng., 40(2):1-10.

Gunstone, F.D. (2011). Production and trade of vegetable oils. In: Vegetable Oils in Food Technology. Gunstone, F.D., (ed). Blackwell Publishing, London, UK, p. 1-18.

Hong, K., Nakayama, K., and Park, S. (2002). Effects of protective colloids on the preparation of poly(l-lactide)/poly(butylene succinate) microcapsules. Eur. Polym. J., 38(2):305-311.

Indira, T.N., Narayan, A.V., Barhate, R.S., Raghavarao, K.S.M.S., Khatoon, S., Channaiah, G., Rao, A.A.G.R.A., and Prakash, V., inventors; Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, assignee. May 24, 2005. Process for the Production of Oryzanol Enriched Fraction from Rice Bran Soapstock. US patent no. 6896911B2.

Joshi, M., Kaur, R., Kanwar, P., Dhiman, G., Sharma, G., Lata, S., Tilak, K., Gupta, N., and Mishra, T. (2016). To evaluate antioxidant activity of gamma–oryzanol extracted from rice bran oil. International J. Life Sci. Pharma Res., 6(3):17-25.

Ju, Y-H. and Vali, S.R. (2005). Rice bran oil as a potential resource for biodiesel: A review. J. Sci. Ind. Res., 64(11):866-882.

Kaewboonnum, P., Vechpanich, J., Santiwattana, P., and Shotipruk, A. (2010). Gamma-oryzanol recovery from rice bran oil soapstock. Sep. Sci. Technol., 45(9):1,186-1,195.

Khuwijitjaru, P., Yuenyong, T., Pongsawatmanit, R., and Adachi, S. (2009). Degradation kinetics of gamma oryzanol in antioxidant-stripped rice bran oil during thermal oxidation. J. Oleo Sci., 58(10):491-497.

Krishna, A.G.G., Khatoon, S., Shiela, P.M., Sarmandal, C.V., Indira, T.N., and Mishra, A. (2001). Effect of refining of crude rice bran oil on the retention of oryzanol in the refined oil. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 78(2):127-131.

Kumar, R.R., Tiku, P.K., and Prakash, V. (2009). Preferential extractability of γ-oryzanol from dried soapstock using different solvents. J. Sci. Food Agri., 89(2):195-200.

Kumar, Y., Patel, K.K., and Kumar, V. (2015). Pulsed electric field processing in food technology. Int. J. Eng. Stud. Tech. Approach, 1(2):6–17.

Nishihara, M. and Shibuya, Y., inventors; Hokusen Kagaku Koyo Company, assignee. May 29, 1968. Oryzanol from Alkaline Cake of Rice Oil. Japan patent no. 43012730.

Meirelles, A.J.A., Batista, E.A.C., Costa, M.C., and Lanza, M. (2018). Liquid-liquid extraction and adsorption applied to the processing of nutraceuticals and functional foods. In: Handbook of Nutraceuticals, Volume II. Pathak, Y., (ed). CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA, p. 54-101.

Narayan, A.V., Barhate R.S., Indira, T.N., Tiku, P.K., Raghavanrao, K.S.M.S., Rao, A.R.G.R.A., and Prakash, V., inventors; Bhola, R., assignee. July 1, 2004. Process for crystallization of oryzanol from oryzanol enriched fraction derived from rice bran oil soapstock. U.S. patent no. WO2004055040.

Narayan, A.V., Barhate, R.S., and Raghavarao, K.S.M.S. (2006). Extraction and purification of oryzanol from rice bran oil and rice bran oil soapstock. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 83(8):663-670.

Patel, M. and Naik, S.N. (2004). Gamma oryzanol from rice bran oil - A review. J. Sci. Ind. Res., 63(1):569-578.

Rao, K.V.S.A., Rao, B.V.S.K., and Thengumpillil, N.B.K., inventors; Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, assignee. June 25, 2002. Process for the Isolation of Oryzanols from Rice Bran Oil Soapstock. US patent no. 6,410,762.

Sakunpak, A., Suksaeree, J., Pathompak, P., Charoonratana, T., and Sermkaew, N. (2014). Antioxidant individual gamma-oryzanol screening in cold pressed rice bran oil of different thairice varieties by HPLC-DPPH method. Int. J. Pharm. Pharmac. Sci., 6(6):592-597.

Seetharamaiah, G.S. and Prabhakar, J.V. (1986). Oryzanol content of Indian rice bran oil and its extraction from soap stock. J. Food Sci. Technol., 23(1):270-273.

Sharma, R.D. and Rukmini, C. (1986). Rice bran oil and hypocholesterolemia in rats. Lipids, 21(11):715-717.

Thurman, B.H., inventor; Benjamin Clayton, assignee. February 2, 1961. Process for producing lecithin products from soapstocks. U.S. patent no. 2970910.

Wilson, T.A., Nicolosi, R.J., Woolfrey, B., and Kritchevsky, D. (2007). Rice bran oil and oryzanol reduce plasma lipid and lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations and aortic cholesterol ester accumulation to a greater extent than ferulic acid in hypercholesterolemic hamsters. J. Nutri. Biochem., 18(2):105-112.

Wongwaiwech, D., Weerawatanakorn, M., Tharatha, S., and Ho, C.T. (2018). Comparative study on amount of nutraceuticals in by-products from solvent and cold pressing methods of rice bran oil processing. J. Food Drug Anal., (12):1-12.

Zullaikah, S., Melwita, E., and Ju, Y-H. (2009). Isolation of oryzanol from crude rice bran oil. Bioresource Technol., 100(1):299-302.