A STRUCTURAL STUDY OF POLYMER COMPOSITE REINFORCEMENTS USING AGRICULTURAL WASTES FOR AUTOMOBILE BRAKE-PAD APPLICATIONS
Keywords:
Asbestos, agro-waste materials, identification of phases, diffraction pattern, thermal stabilityAbstract
Despite the advancement in materials engineering and the potential for use of agricultural wastes as composite material for brake pas, their rich diffractive pattern, phase identification and thermal stability properties have been downplayed. Consequently, this study conducts experiments on a select number of reinforcements, namely orange peels, coconut, periwinkle, palm kernel and egg shell particles for information on their diffraction patterns, thermal stability and phase identification. The diffraction test was carried out to reveal the crystalline features of the raw particles while the phase identification helped to specify the phases with respective scores. The thermal stability permitted the revelation of thermo-gravimetric features of the particles, for ascertaining the aptness of the particles for temperature usage. It was found that (1) coconut and palm kernel shell particles are amorphous, orange peel particles are of amorphous order with some crystalline arrangements; periwinkle and egg shell particles maintained regular crystalline order in their structures; (2) The thermal stability results showed that orange peel, coconut and palm kernel had a glass transition between 300-310°C, while periwinkle and egg shell particles exhibited glass transition of 680 and 710°C, respectively, (3) The periwinkle and egg shell particles reached the highest withstanding temperature (HWT) of 800°C, even as the orange peel, coconut and palm kernel particles attained a HWT of 1,000°C before final disintegration. The selected agro-waste materials can be used as substitutes for asbestos in automobile brake pad manufacture.
References
Abassi, S., Wahlstrom, J., Olander, L., Larsson, C., Ololfsson, U., and Sellgren, U. (2011). A study of airborne wear particles generated from organic railway brake pads and brake discs. Wear, 273:93-99.
Abutu, J., Lawal, S.A., Ndaliman, M.B., Lafia-Araga, R.A., and Choudhury, I.A. (2018). Effects of process parameters on the properties of brake pad developed from seashell as reinforcement material using grey relational analysis. Int. J. Eng. Sci. Technol., 21(4):787-797.
Ajibade, O.A., Agunsoye, J.O., and Oke, S.A., (2015a). Experimentation and prediction of moisture characteristics and density of sweet orange peels used for epoxy-based composite fabrication. J. Assoc. Prof. Eng. Trin Tob., 43(2):44-52.
Ajibade, O.A., Agunsoye, J.O., and Oke, S.A. (2015b). A comparative analysis of three optimisation approaches to free swell characterisation of particulate coconut shell reinforcement composite material. Eng. J., 19(5):167-187.
Ajibade, O.A., Agunsoye, J.O., and Oke, S.A. (2015c). Analysis of the free-swell behaviour of orange peel particulates as reinforcement for green composite fabrication. Acta Period. Technol., 46:131-147.
Ajibade, O.A., Agunsoye, J.O., and Oke S.A. (2016a). A grey relational analytical approach to orange peel filler particulates for tapped density experiments of green composite reinforcements. KKU Eng. J., 43(3):108-119.
Ajibade, O.A., Agunsoye, J.O., and Oke, S.A. (2016b). Tapped density optimisation for four agricultural wastes: Part I - Taguchi technique and mean response determination. Acta Period. Technol., 47:109-127.
Ajibade, O.A., Agunsoye, J.O., and Oke, S.A. (2016c). Tapped density optimisation for four agricultural wastes: Part II - Performance analysis, main effects of process parameters and Taguchi-Pareto. Acta Period. Technol., 47:129-142.
Ajibade, O.A., Agunsoye, J.O., and Oke, S.A. (2017a). Optimisation of water absorption properties of orange peel particulate-based epoxy composite using grey relational analysis. J. Eng. Appl. Sci. Res., 39(2):25-35.
Ajibade, O.A., Agunsoye, J.O., and Oke, S.A. (2017b). Water absorption experimental analysis of an orange peel and coconut shell particulate blend reinforcement material for composite fabrication. J. Eng. Appl. Sci. Res., 44(2):53-67.
Ajibade, O.A., Agunsoye, J.O., and Oke, S.A. (2017c). An assessment of water absorption properties of orange peel particulate-based epoxy composite by optimization. J. Eng. Appl. Sci. Res., 44(3):129-141.
Aku, S.Y., Yawas, D.S., Madakson, P.B., and Amaren, S.G. (2012). Characterization of periwinkle shell as asbestos-free brake pad materials. Pac. J. Sci. Technol., 13(2):57-63.
Dagwa, I.M., Builders, P.F., and Achebo, J. (2012). Characterization of palm kernel shell powder for use in polymer matrix composites. Int. J. Mech. Mechatro. Eng., 12(4):88-93.
El-Tayeb, N.S.M. and Liew, K.W. (2009). On the dry and wet sliding performance of potentially new frictional brake pad materials for automotive industry. Wear, 266:275-287.
Fono-Tamo, R.S. (2018). A mathematical model for the purpose of analysing the thermal stress characteristics of PKS-based brake pad with MATLAB. Mater. Today, 5(5):12,534-12,544.
Ferreira, M.V.F., Neves, A.C.C., de Oliveira, C.G., Lopes, F.P.D., Margem, F.M., Vieira, C.M.F., and Monteiro, S.N. (2017). Thermogravimetric characterization of polyester matrix composites reinforced with eucalyptus fibers. J. Mater. Res. Technol., 6(4):396-400.
Grzes, P., Oliferuk, W., Ademowicz, A., Kochanowski, K., Wasilewski, P., and Yevtushenko, A.A. (2016). The numerical experimental scheme for the analysis of temperature field in a pad-disc braking system of a railway vehicle at single braking. Int. Commu. Heat. Mass., 75:1-6.
Hagino, H., Oyama, M., and Sasaki, S. (2016). Laboratory testing of airborne brake wear particle emissions using a dynamometer system under urban city driving cycles. Atmos. Environ., 131:269-278.
Idris, U.D., Aigbodion, V.S., Abubakar, I.J., and Niroye, C.I. (2015). Eco-friendly asbestos free brake pad: Using banana peels. J. King Saud Univ-Eng. Sci., 27:185-192.
Kakooei, H. and Marioryad, H. (2010). Evaluation of exposure to the airborne asbestos in an automobile brake and clutch manufacturing industry in Iran. Regul. Toxicol. Pharm., 56(2):143-147.
Kurt, A. and Boz, M. (2005). Wear behaviour of organic asbestos based and bronze based powder metal brake linings. Mater. Des., 26(8):717-721.
Kim, S.S., Hwang, H.J., Shin, M.W., and Jang, H. (2011). Friction and vibration of automobile abrasive particles. Wear, 271:1,194-1,202.
Laguna-Camacho, J.R., Juarez Morales, G., Calderon-Ramon, C., Velaguez-Martines, V., Hernandex-Romero, I., Mendez-Mendez, J.V., and Vite-Tones, M. (2015). A study of wear mechanism of disk and shoe brake pads. Eng. Fail. Anal., 56:348-359.
Lemen, R.A. (2004). Asbestos in brakes: Exposure and risk of disease. Am. J. Ind. Med., 45:229-237.
Liew, K.W. and Nirmal, U. (2013). Frictional performance evaluation of newly designed brake pad. Mater. Des., 48:25-33.
Mat Lazin, A.R., Kchaou, M., Abdul-Hamid, M.K., Abu-Bakar, A.R. (2016). Squealing characteristics of worn brake pads due to silica sand embedded into their friction layers. Wear, 358-359:123-136.
Matějka, V., Lu, Y., Jiao, L., Huang, L., and Tomášek, V. (2010). Effects of silicon carbide particle sizes on friction-wear properties of friction composites designed for car brake lining applications. Tribol. Int., 43(1-2):144-151.
Manikandan, K.K., Mohamed-Ikhlas, M.I., Monish, M., and Murali, K. (2016). Development and evaluation of groundnut shell based asbestos-free brake pad material. [B.Eng. Project Report], Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dhanalakshmi College of Engineering Tambaram, Chennai, India.
Mohanty, S. and Chugh, Y.P. (2007). Development of fly ash-based automotive brake lining. Tribol. Int., 40(7):1,217-1,224.
Nicholson, G. (1995). Facts About Friction. P&W Price Enterprises, Inc, Croydon, P.A.
Öktem, H., Uygur, I., and Çevik, M. (2018). Design, construction and performance of a novel brake pad friction tester. Measurement, 115:299-305.
Ponomarenko, A.T., Klason, C., Kazantseva, N.E., Buzin, M.I., Alexandre, M., Dubois, Ph., Tchmutin, I.A., Shevchenko, V.G., and Jérôme, R., (1999). Thermogravimetry as a method for investigating the thermal stability of polymer composites. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 55(2):537-549.
Pujari, S. and Srikiran, S. (2019). Experimental investigations on wear properties of palm kernel reinforced composites for brake pad applications. Def. Technol., 15(3):295-299.
Sellami, A., Kchaou, M., Elleuch, R., Cristol, A.-L., and Desplanques, Y. (2014). Study of the interaction between microstructure, mechanical and tribo-performance of a commercial brake lining material. Mater. Des., 59:84-93.
Sheehy, J.W., Cooper, T.C., O’Brien, D.M., McGlothin, J.D., and Froehhich, P.A. (1989). Control of asbestos exposure during brake drum service. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Public Health Service, Centre for Disease Control, US Department of Health and Human Services.
Shinde, D. and Mistry, K.N. (2017). Asbestos base and asbestos free brake lining materials: comparative study. Int. J. Sci. Wrd., 5(1):47-49.
Straffelini, G., Ciudin, R., Ciotti, A., and Gialanella, S. (2015). Present knowledge and perspectives on the role of copper in brake materials and related environmental issues: A critical assessment. Environ. Pollut., 207:211-219.
Varrica, D., Bardelli, F., Dongarra, G., and Tamburo, E. (2013). Speciation of sb in airborne particulate matter, vehicle brake linings and brake pad wear studies. Atmos. Environ., 64:18-24.
Venkatesh, S. and Murugapoopathiraja, K. (2019). Scoping review of brake friction material for automotive. Mater. Today, 16(Part 2):927-933.
Volkova, V.K. and Kalistratova, L.F. (2015). X-ray diffraction analysis of structure of composite materials based on polytetrafluoroethylene during thermal exposure. Inorg. Mater. Appl. Res., 6(4):411-413.
Williams, R.L. and Muhlbaier, J.L. (1982). Asbestos brake emissions. Environ. Res., 29:70-82.
Yakubu, A.S., Amaren, S.G., and Saleh, Y.S. (2013). Evaluation of the wear and thermal properties of asbestos free brake pad using periwinkle shell particles. Usak. Univl. J. Mater. Sci., 1:99-108.
Yevtushenko, A.A., Kuciej, M., Grzes, P., and Wasilewski, P. (2017). Temperature in the railway disc brake pad at a repetitive short-term mode of braking. Int. Commu. Heat. Mass., 84:102-109.
Yevtushenko, A.A., Kuciej, M., and Och, E. (2014). Temperature in thermally non-linear pad-disk brake system. Int. Commu. Heat. Mass., 37:274-281.
Yawas, D.S., Aku, S.Y., and Amaren, S.G. (2016). Morphology and properties or periwinkle shell asbestos-free brake pad. J. King. Saud. Univ-Eng. Sci., 28:103-109.
