LOW-COST AND EFFICIENT ADSORBENT DERIVED FROM CO2 ACTIVATION OF Melaleuca cajuputi POWELL FOR COLOR REMOVAL
Keywords:
Melaleuca cajuputi Powell, adsorption, CO2 activation, color removal 1Abstract
Coloring agents are widely used to color products manufactured in many industries. Among the numerous coloring removal techniques, adsorption is the preferred method and gives the best results. However, its use is still limited because of its high operating cost. Many researchers have focused on finding alternative low cost adsorbents. The aim of this work was to produce the low cost adsorbent M. cajuputi activated carbon (MCAC) derived from Mealaleuca Cajuputi Powell by CO2 activation. Batch experiments were carried out to determine the optimum conditions for methylene blue dye adsorbed on MCAC samples. Kinetic data and an adsorption equilibrium isotherm were performed on the batch experiments. The results showed that the MCAC samples had high surface areas in the range of 673-1,497 m2/g. The maximum adsorption capacity of the MCAC samples was found in the range of 40.16-73.53 mg/g. The optimum adsorption conditions of the MCAC were obtained at the contact time of 480 min, the initial MB concentration of 20 mg/L, the initial solution pH in the range of 7-8, the agitation speed of 150 rpm, and the temperature of 30˚C. The fixed bed column was investigated and the Thomas model was found to fit the experimental data well with the correlation coefficients of 0.9807, while the adsorption capacity was obtained as 249.66 mg/g. This finding is a useful tool for scale-up and design purposes. It can be concluded that the MCAC can be used effectively as a low cost adsorbent for the removal of color from wastewater.
References
Allen, S.J. and Koumanova, B. (2005). Decolourisation of water/wastewater using adsorption. J. Univ. Chem.l Technol. Metall., 40:175-192.
Ani, F.N., Junoh, M.M., and Muis, Z.A. (2015). Granular-activated carbon from Mukah coal using carbon dioxide activation. J. Teknologi, 75:123-127.
ASTM. (2004). C136-04: Standard test method for sieve analysis of fine and coarse aggregates. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA.
Bonelli, P.R., Bounomo, E.L., and Cukierman, A.L. (2007). Pyrolysis of sugarcan bagassean co-pyrolysis with an Argentinean subbituminous coal. Energ. Source Part A, 29(8):731-740.
Demiral, H., Demiral, I., and Karabacakoglu, B. (2011). Production of activated carbon from olive bagasse by physical activation. Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 89: 206-213.
Ding, W., Dong, X., Ime, I.M., and Gao, B.I.Q. (2014). Pyrolytic temperature impact lead sorption mechanisms by bagasse biochars. Chemosphere, 105:68-74.
Dural, M.U., Cavas, L., and Papageorgiou, S. (2011). Methylene blue adsorption on activated carbon prepared from Posidonia oceanica (L.) dead leaves: kinetics and equilibrium studies. Chem. Eng. J., 168:77-85.
Franco, M.A.E.D., Carvalho, C.B.D., and Bonetto, M.M. (2018). Diclofenac removal from water by adsorption using activated carbon in batch mode and fixed-bed column: Isotherms, thermodynamic study and breakthrough curves modelling. J. Clean. Prod., 181:145-154.
Gialamouidis, D., Mitrakas, M., and Liakopoulou-Kyriakides, M. (2010). Equilibrium, thermodynamic and kinetic studies on biosorption of Mn (II) from aqueous solution by Pseudomonas sp., Staphylococcus xylosus and Blakeslea trispora cells. J. Hazard. Mater., 182:672-680.
Gupta, V. (2009). Application of low-cost adsorbents for dye removal-a review. J. Environ. Manage., 90: 2,313-2,342.
Idris, M.N., Ahmad, Z.A., and Ahmad, M.A. (2011). Adsorption equilibrium of malachite green dye onto rubber seed coat based activated carbon. Int. J. Basic Appl. Sci., 11:305-311.
Ismadji, S. and Bhatia, S.K. (2001). A modified pore filling isotherm for liquid phase adsorption in activated carbon. Langmuir, 17:1,488-1,498.
Jung, S.H. and Kim, J.S. (2014). Production of biochars by intermediate pyrolysis and activated carbons from oak by three activated methods using CO2. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol., 107:116-122.
Kacan, E. (2016). Optimun BET surface area for activated carbon produced from textile sewage sludges and its application as dye removal. Environ. Manage., 166:116-123.
Karacetin, G., Sivrikaya, S., and Mustafa, I.M. (2014). Adsorption of methylene blue from aqueous solutions by activated carbon prepared from hazelnut husk using zinc chloride. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol., 110:270-276.
Kuppusamy, S., Thavamani, P., and Megharaj, M. (2016). Potential of Melaleuca diosmifolia as a novel, non-conventional and low-cost coagulating adsorbent for removing both cationic and anionic dyes. J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 37:198-207.
Li, Z., Jia, Z., Ni, T. and Li, S. (2017). Adsorption of methylene blue on natural cotton based flexible carbon fiber aerogels activated by novel air-limited carbonization method. J. Mol. Liq., 242: 747-756.
Luo, P., Zhang, J.S., Zhang, B., Wang, J., Zhao, Y., and Liu, J. (2011). Preparation and characterization of silane coupling agent modified halloysite for Cr (VI) removal. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 50:10,246-10,252.
Manna, S., Roy, D., Saha, P., Gopakumar, D., and Thomas, S. (2017). Rapid methylene blue adsorption using modified lignocellulosic materials. Process Saf. Environ., 107:346-356.
Maryam, K.M., Cheikhou, K., and Ndeye, O.D. (2016). Electrocoagulation process applied on pollutants treatment experimental optimization and fundamental investigation of the crystal violet dye removal. J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 4:4,001-4,011.
Nuyim, T. (2002). Potentiality of Melaleuca cajuputi Powell cultivation to develop for economic plantation purposes. Royal Forestry Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Bangkok, Thailand, 10p.
Priyadarshini, B., Rath, P.P., Behera, S.S., Panda, S.R., Sahoo, T.R., and Parhi, P.K. (2018). Kinetics, thermodynamics and isotherm studies on adsorption of Eriochrome Black-T from aqueous solution using rutile TiO2. Mater. Sci. Eng., 310:012051
Qada, E.N.E., Allen, S.J., and Walker, G.M. (2006). Adsorption of methylene blue onto activated carbon produced from steam activated bituminous coal: a study of equilibrium adsorption isotherm. Chem. Eng. J., 124:103-110.
Raposo, F., Rubia, M.A., and Borja, R. (2009). Methylene blue number as useful indicator to evaluate the adsorptive capacity of granular activated carbon in batch mode: Influence of adsorbate/adsorbent mass ratio and particle size. J. Hazard. Mater., 165:291-299.
Sun, K. and Jiang, J.C. (2010). Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from rubber-seed shell by physical activation with steam. Biomass Bioenerg., 34(4):539-544.
Teng, H.S., Ho, J.A., and Hsu, Y.F. (1997). Preparation of activated carbons from bituminous coal with CO2. Carbon, 35:275-283.
Vimonses, V., Jin, B., Chow, C.W.K., and Saint, C. (2010) Development of a pilot fluidized bed reactor system with a formulated clay-lime mixture for continuous removal of chemical pollutantsfrom wastewater. Chem. Eng. J., 158(3):535-541.
Wirikitkhul, P., Junpirom, S., and Yimrattanabovorn, J. (2017). Adsorption of methylene blue dye from aqueous solution by activated carbon prepared from Melaleuca Cajuputi Powell charcoal using heating activation. Proceedings of the 9th Eastern European Young Water Professionals Conference; May 24-27, 2017; Budapest, Hungary, p. 698-704.
Xiao, H., Peng, H., and Deeng, S. (2012). Preparation of activated carbon from edible fungi residue by microwave assisted K2CO3 activation–application in reactive black 5 adsorption from aqueous solution. Bioresource Technol., 111:127-133.
Xue, A., Zhou, S., and Zhou, Y. (2010). Adsorption of reactive dyes from aqueous solution by silylated palygorskite. Appl. Clay Sci., 48:638-640.
Yagub, M. T., Sen, T.K., Afroze, S. and Ang, H.M. (2014). Dye and its removal from aqueous solution by adsorption: a review. Adv. Colloid Interfac., 209:172-184
