THE INTERCITY BUS PASSENGER’S LOCUS OF CONTROL WITH REGARD TO SEAT BELT USE INTENTION
Abstract
In Thailand, the number of accidents caused by intercity buses and their severity are increasing while the rate of seat belt use by intercity bus passengers is decreasing. This study aims to identify the factors affecting the seat belt use behavioural intention (BI) of intercity bus passengers. For analysis, the samples were divided into 2 groups: the teenage group (334 samples) and adult group (577 samples). The theory of locus of control (LC) was applied to analyse internality (IN) and externality (EX), which were both based on LC basic components. The theory was extended by additionally analysing factors that consist of knowledge of seat belt enforcement (EN) and past experience. Structural equation modelling was used to analyse the factors affecting seat belt use BI. Analysis results showed that the two models have differences and that all factors influenced the seat belt use BI of the 2 groups. For the teenage group, IN had the most positive influence on seat belt use BI, followed by past experience, EX, and EN (β = 0.369, 0.290, 0.240, and 0.190, respectively). For the adult group, the IN factor also had the most positive influence, followed by EX, EN, and past experience (β = 0.388, 0.273, 0.244, and 0.236, respectively). Thus, the factors.
References
Suranaree J. Sci. Technol. Vol. 25 No. 3; July– September 2018
Aceves-González, C., Cook, S., and May, A. (2015). Bus use in a developing world city: Implications for the health and well-being of older passengers. J. Transp. Health, 2(2):308-316.
Agusdinata, D.B., van der Pas, J.W.G.M., Walker, W.E., and Marchau, V.A.W.J. (2009). Multi-criteria analysis for evaluating the impacts of intelligent speed adaptation. J. Adv. Transport., 43(4):413-454.
Akbaş, O., Güven, R., Cebeci, G., Bertlek, S.B., Aldemir, G., and Bal, E. (2010). A study on the effects of seat belt posters on drivers. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sci., 2(2):1002-1007.
Ash, I.K., Edwards, A.L., and Porter, B.E. (2014). An investigation of state population characteristics that moderate the relationship of state seat belt law and use in the United States. Accident Anal. Prev., 71:129-136.
Barua, U. and Tay, R. (2010). Severity of urban transit bus crashes in Bangladesh. J. Adv. Transport., 44(1):34-41.
Beck, L.F. and Shults, R.A. (2009). Seat belt use in states and territories with primary and secondary laws - United States, 2006. J. Safety Res., 40(6):469-472.
Bilgic, S., Barut, H.B., Karacasu, M., Er, A., and Yaliniz, P. (2011). The changes in usage of seat belts in Antalya, Turkey. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sci., 20:588-593.
Chaudhary, N.K., Solomon, M.G., and Cosgrove, L.A. (2004). The relationship between perceived risk of being ticketed and self-reported seat belt use. J. Safety Res., 35(4):383-390.
Cunill, M., Gras, M.E., Planes, M., Oliveras, C., and Sullman, M.J.M. (2004). An investigation of factors reducing seat belt use amongst Spanish drivers and passengers on urban roads. Accident Anal. Prev., 36(3):439-445.
Demirer, A., Durat, M., and Haşimoğlu, C. (2012). Investigation of seat belt use among the drivers of different education levels. Safety Sci., 50(4):1005-1008.
Department of Land Transport. (2017). Thailand Transport Statistics. Available from: http://apps.dlt. go.th/statistics_web/statistics.html Accessed Date: April 4, 2017
Golob, T.F. (2003). Structural equation modeling for travel behavior research. Transport Res. B-Meth., 37(1):1-25.
Gras, E.M., Cunill, M., Sullman, M.J.M., Planes, M., and Font-Mayolas, S. (2007). Predictors of seat belt use amongst Spanish drivers. Transport. Res. F-Traf., 10(3):263-269.
Hines, M. (1982). Prenatal gonadal hormones and sex differences in human behavior. Psychol. Bull., 92(1):56-80.
Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., and Mullen, M.R. (2007). Structural equation modeling: guidelines for determining model fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1):53-60.
Intercity Bus Passenger’s Seat Belt Use Intention
Høye, A. (2016). How would increasing seat belt use affect the number of killed or seriously injured light vehicle occupants? Accident Anal. Prev., 88:175-186.
Hu, L.T. and Bentler, P.M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct. Equ. Modeling, 6(1):1-55.
Karbakhsh, M., Ershadi, Z., Khaji, A., and Rahimi-Sharbaf, F. (2010). Seat belt use during pregnancy in Iran: attitudes and practices. Chinese J. Traum., 13(5):275-278.
Kim, S., Depue, L., Spence, L., and Reine, J. (2009). Analysis of teenage seat belt use: From the 2007 Missouri high school seat belt survey. J. Safety Res., 40(4):311-316.
Kline, R.B. (2011). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling: Guilford Press, New York, NY, USA, 427p.
Lajunen, T. and Räsänen, M. (2004). Can social psychological models be used to promote bicycle helmet use among teenagers? A comparison of the Health Belief Model, Theory of Planned Behavior and the Locus of Control. J. Safety Res., 35(1):115-123.
Lee LK, Monuteaux MC, Burghardt LC, Fleegler, E.W., Nigrovic, L.E. Meehan, W.P., Schutzman, S.A., and Mannix, R., (2015). Motor vehicle crash fatalities in states with primary versus secondary seat belt laws: a time-series analysis. Ann. Intern. Med., 163:184-190.
Michalaki, P., Quddus, M., Pitfield, D., and Huetson, A. (2016). A time-series analysis of motorway collisions in England considering road infrastructure, socio-demographics, traffic and weather characteristics. J. Transp. Health, 3(1):9-20.
Nickel, B.E. (1988). Facing the challenge of the future by strategic planning for public transport in Germany. J. Adv. Transport., 22(2):134-153.
Okamura, K., Fujita, G., Kihira, M., Kosuge, R., and Mitsui, T. (2012). Predicting motivational determinants of seatbelt non-use in the front seat: a field study. Transport. Res. F-Traf., 15(5):502-513.
Olsen, C.S., Cook, L.J., Keenan, H.T., and Olson, L.M. (2010). Driver seat belt use indicates decreased risk for child passengers in a motor vehicle crash. Accident Anal. Prev., 42(2):771-777.
Ratanavaraha, V., Khampirat, B., Jomnonkwao, S., and Mon, E.E. (2018). Myanmar motorbike riders’ willingness to pay for fatality risk reduction. Suranaree J. Sci. Technol., 25(2):131-142.
Reagan, I.J., McClafferty, J.A., Berlin, S.P., and Hankey, J.M. (2013). Using naturalistic driving data to identify variables associated with infrequent, occasional, and consistent seat belt use. Accident Anal. Prev., 50:600-607.
Rotter, J.B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychol. Monogr., 80(1):1-28.
Routley, V., Ozanne-Smith, J., Qin, Y., and Wu, M. (2009). Taxi driver seat belt wearing in Nanjing, China. J. Safety Res., 40(6):449-454.
Rowe, R., Andrews, E., Harris, P.R., Armitage, C.J., McKenna, F.P., and Norman, P. (2016). Identifying beliefs underlying pre-drivers’ intentions to take risks: an application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Accident Anal. Prev., 89:49-56.
Şimşekoğlu, Ö. and Lajunen, T. (2008). Why Turks do not use seat belts? An interview study. Accident Anal. Prev., 40(2):470-478.
Şimşekoğlu, Ö. and Lajunen, T. (2009). Relationship of seat belt use to health and driver behaviors. Transport. Res. F-Traf., 12(3):235-241.
Steiger, J.H. (2007). Understanding the limitations of global fit assessment in structural equation modeling. Pers. Indiv. Differ., 42(5):893-898.
Studnek, J.R. and Ferketich, A. (2007). Organizational policy and other factors associated with emergency medical technician seat belt use. J. Safety Res., 38(1):1-8.
Tavakol, M. and Dennick, R. (2011). Making sense of Cronbach's alpha. Int. J. Med. Educ., 2:53-55.
Vaughn, M.G., Salas-Wright, C.P., and Piquero, A.R. (2012). Buckle up: non-seat belt use and antisocial behavior in the United States. Ann. Epidemiol., 22(12):825-831.
You, X., Ji, M., and Han, H. (2013). The effects of risk perception and flight experience on airline pilots’ locus of control with regard to safety operation behaviors. Accident Anal. Prev., 57:131-139.
