EPIPHYTIC LICHEN DIVERSITY IN DIFFERENT AREAS OF NAKHON RATCHASIMA, THAILAND
Keywords:
Lichens, biodiversity, bioindicator, environmental qualityAbstract
Lichens are accepted as bioindicators of air quality and biomonitors of environmental changes. This work aimed to identify epiphytic lichens in Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand in2015 by comparing six areas i.e. the center of Mueang district, four directions (N, W, E, S)and at the Boong Ta Lua Water Park. Lichens were investigated and collected on 180 tree samples based on the Verein Deutscher Ingenieure (VDI) protocol. Fifty-four taxa wereidentified from the 1,044 samples; they belong to 16 families and 30 genera. The highest frequency was Pyxine cocoes for 111 followed by Hyperphyscia adsendes for 81. There weresix species found all study plots; Dirinaria applanata, Hyperphyscia adsendes, Laureramegasperma, Pyxine cocoes, Graphis sp.1 and Graphis sp.2. The species that found only onesite were Hyperphyscia flavida, Hypogymnia hypotrypa and Hypotrachyna osseoalba, whichfound only at the south direction of the city, Myriotrema microporellum, Ocellularia crocea,Rinodina intrasa and Sarcographa sp., which found only at the park area. The speciesrichness and Shannon-wiener diversity index were highest at the park for 44 and 3.66respectively and showed significant different from other sites (p<0.01), whilst the evenness was highest at the north of the city. The Sorensen’s similarity coefficient showed the highestvalue between the park site and the north sites for 77.22 and lowest between the north and south areas for 33.33. For the correlation between lichen frequency and the physiological condition found lichen diversity have a negative correlation with the distance from road.The species that found specific in one sites are interested for using as bioindicator of air pollution in this area.
References
Awasthi, D.D. (1991). A key to the microlichens of India,Nepal and Sri Lanka. USA: Cramer.
Bartók, K. (1999). Pesticide usage and epiphytic lichen diversity in Romanian orchards. Lichenologist.31(01): 21-25.
Batty, K., Bates, J.W., and Bell, J.N.B. (2003). A transplant experiment on the factors preventing lichen colonization of oak bark in southeastEngland under declining SO2 pollution. Can. J.Bot., 81(5):439-451.
Blanco, O., Crespo, A., Ree, R.H., and Lumbsch, H.T.(2006). Major clades of parmelioid lichens(Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) and the evolution oftheir morphological and chemical diversity. Mol.Phylogenet. Evol., 39(1):52-69.
Conti, M.E., and Cecchetti, G. (2001). Biological monitoring:Lichens as bioindicators of air pollution assessment review. Environ. Pollut., 114(3):471-492.
Fuga A., Saiki, M., Marcelli M.P., Saldiva P.H.N. (2008).Atmospheric pollutants monitoring by analysis ofepiphytic lichens. Environ. Pollut., 151(2):334-340.
Giordani, P., Brunialti, G., and Alleteo, D. (2002). Effectsof atmospheric pollution on lichen biodiversity(LB) in a Mediterranean region (Liguria, northwest Italy). Environ. Pollut., 118(1):53-64.
Godinho, R.M., Wolterbeek, H.T., Verburg, T., andFreitas, M.C. (2008). Bioaccumulation behaviourof transplants of the lichen Flavoparmelia caperatain relation to total deposition at a polluted locationin Portugal. Environ. Pollut., 151(2):318-325.
Gombert, S., Asta, J., and Seaward, M.R.D. (2003).Correlation between the nitrogen concentration oftwo epiphytic lichens and the traffic density in anurban area. Environ. Pollut., 123(2):281-290.
Hale, M.E. (1969). How to know the lichens: The picturedkey nature series. (Vol. 5). Dubuque: WC Brown.
Hamada, N., and Miyawaki, H. (1998). Lichens as bioindicators of air pollution. JPN. J. Ecol.,48(1):49-60.
Lange, O.L., Büdel, B., Heber, U., Meyer, A., Zellner, H.,and Green, T.G.A. (1993). Temperate rainforest lichens in New Zealand: high thallus water contentcan severely limit photosynthetic CO2 exchange.Oecologia., 95:303-313.
Loppi, S., Frati, L., Benedettini, G., Pirintsos, S.A.R.G.,and Leonzio, C. (2002). Biodiversity of epiphyticlichens as indicator of air pollution in thegeothermal area of Lardello (Tuscany, CentralItaly). Isr. J. Plant Sci., 50(2):119-126.
Loppi, S., Giordani, P., Brunialti, G., Isocrono, D., andPiervittori, R. (2002). Identifying deviations fromnaturality of lichen diversity forbioincidationspurposes. The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic.
Ng, O.H., Tan, B.C., and Obbard, J.P. (2006). Lichens asbioindicator of atmospheric heavy metal in Singapore.Environ. Monitor. Assess., 123(1-3):63-74.
Purvis, O.W., Seaward, M.R.D., and Loppi, S. (2007).Lichens in a changing pollution environment: Anintroduction. Environ. Pollut., 146(2):291-292.
Saipunkaew, W., Wolseley, P.A., and Chimonides, P.J.(2005). Epiphytic lichens as indicators of environmentalhealth in the vicinity of Chiang Mai city, Thailand.Lichenologist., 37(4):345-356.
Saipunkaew, W., Wolseley, P.A., Chimonides, P.J., andBoonpragob, K. (2007). Epiphytic macrolichens asindicators of environmental alteration in northernThailand. Environ. Pollut., 146(2):366-374.
Sipman, H.J.M. (2003). Key to the lichen genera of Bogor,Cibodas and Singapore. Berlin: Berlin-Dahlem FreieUniversität.
Staiger, B., Kalb, K., and Grube, M. (2006). Phylogenyand phenotypic variation in the lichen familyGraphidaceae (Ostropomycetidae, Ascomycota).Myco. Res. 110(7):765-772.
Subsri, P. and Saipankaew, W. (2002). Mango tree barkas bioindicator for air pollution monitoring inChiang Mai city. Cmi. J. Sci., 29(3):183-188.
Staxäng, B. (1969). Acidification of bark of some deciduous trees. Oikos., p. 224-230.
van Herk, C.M., Mathijssen-Spiekman, E.A.M., and deZwart, D. (2003). Long distance nitrogen air pollutioneffects on lichens in Europe. Lichenologist., 35(4):347-359.
VDI. (1999). Richtlinie 3799, blatt 1: Ermittlungund Beurteilungphytotoxischer Wirkungenvon ImmissionenmitFlechten: Flechtenkartierung. In: VDI-Richtlinie3799, Platt1/part 1, VDI Düsseldorf, p. 24.
Wolseley, P., Moncrieff, C., and Aguirre-Hudson, B.(1994). Lichens as indicators of environmental stability and change in the tropical forests ofThailand. Glob. Eco. Biogeo. Let., p. 116-123.
Zschau, T., Getty, S., Gries, C., Ameron, Y., Zambrano,A., and Nash III, T.H. (2003). Historical and current atmospheric deposition to the epilithic lichen in Maricopa County, Arizona. Environ.Pollut., 125: 21-30.
