ANTIOXIDANT AND CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITIES OF MANGOSTEEN (GARCINIA MANGOSTANA) PERICARP EXTRACTS
Keywords:
Mangosteen, antioxidant activity, antiproliferation, apoptosisAbstract
This study was designed to evaluate the total phenolic compounds (TPC), antioxidation, antiproliferation, and apoptotic properties of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) pericarp ethanolic and water extracts (MPE/e and MPE/w) using the human breast adenocarcinoma cell line, MCF-7, as a model system. The Folin-Ciocalteu method was used for the TPC investigation and DPPH radical scavenging activity and the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) was used for the antioxidant properties. Cell viability was evaluated by esazurin and 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays for 12 and 24 h. The study found that the TPC of the MPE/e were more than those of the MPE/w (119.95 ± 1.03 > 84.40 ± 0.29 μg GAE/mg, respectively). Consistently, the antioxidant capacity of the MPE/e was significantly higher than that of the MPE/w by about twofold (P < 0.01), which was expressed via free radical scavenging with the IC50 of 1199.85 ± 47.16 and 2435.71 ± 273.74 μg/ml, and the FRAP with the IC50 of 546.98 ± 26.12 and 1,088.70 ± 81.54 μg/ml, respectively. Moreover, only the MPE/e was expressed as a partial inhibitor on the proliferation of MCF-7 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The MPE/e was a strongly positive influence on the antiproliferation and apoptotic induction of the MCF-7 cells, as seen via the morphological changes and oligonucleosomal DNA fragments. In conclusion, the MPE/e may be proposed to develop into cytotoxic or antitumor agents, if it has been investigated that it is effective and non-toxic to the normal cells of animals and humans.
References
Aisha, A.F.A., Abu-Salah, K.M., Ismail, Z., and Abdul-Majid, A.M.S. (2012). In vitro and in vivo anti-colon cancer effects of Garcinia mangostana xanthones extract. BMC Complem. Altern. M., 12:104-113.
Ashkenazi, A., Dixit-Amundson, S.A., Myers, T.G., Scudiero, D., Kitada, S., Reed, J.C., and Fornace, A.J. (2000). An informatics approach identifying markers of chemosensitivity in human cancer cell lines. Cancer Res., 60:6101-6110.
Benzie, I.F.F. and Strain, J.J. (1996). The ferric reducing ability of plasma as a measure of “antioxidant power” the FRAP assay. Anal. Biochem., 239: 70-76.
Blois, M.S. (1958). Antioxidant determinations by the use of a stable free radical. Nature, 181:1199- 1200.
Chairungsrilerd, N., Furukawa, K.I., Ohta, T., Nozoe, S., and Ohizumi, Y. (1996). Pharmacological properties of α-mangostin, a novel histamine H1 receptor antagonist. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 314:351- 356.
Chang, H.F., Huang, W.T., Chen, H.J., and Yang, L.L. (2010). Apoptotic effects of γ-mangostin from the fruit hull of Garcinia mangostana on human malignant glioma cells. Molecules, 15:8953- 8966.
Chitra, S., Krithika, M.V., and Pavithra, S. (2010). Induction of apoptosis by xanthones from Garcinia mangostana in human breast and laryngeal carcinoma cell lines. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences, 1:1-8.
Chomnawang, M.T., Surassmo, S., Nukoolkarn, V.S., and Gritsanapan, W. (2007). Effect of Garcinia mangostana on inflammation caused by Propionibacterium acnes. Fitoterapia, 78:401- 408.
Fan, C. and Su, J. (1997). Antioxidative mechanism of isolated components from methanol extract of fruit hulls of G. mangostana. J. Chinese Agri. Chem. Society, 35:540-551.
Farnsworth, N.R. and Bunyapraphatsara, N. (1992). Thai Medicinal Plants Recommended for Primary Health Care System. Medicinal Plants Information Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, 402p.
Goegan, P., Johnson, G., and Vincent, R. (1995). Effects of serum protein and colloid on the alamar Blue assay in cell cultures. Toxicol. In Vitro, 9:257-266.
Gopalakrishnan, G., Banumathi, B., and Suresh, G. (1997). Evaluation of the antifungal activity of natural xanthones from Garcinia mangostana and their synthetic derivatives. J. Nat. Prod., 60:519-524.
Henry-Mowatt, J., Dive, C., Martinou, J.C., and James, D. (2004). Role of mitochondrial membrane permeabilization in apoptosis and cancer. Oncogene, 23:2850-2560.
Huang, Y.L., Chen, C.C., Chen, Y.J., Huang, R.L., and Shith, B.J. (2001). Three xanthones and a benzophenone from Garcinia mangostana. J. Nat. Prod., 64:903-906.
Ji, X., Avula, B., and Khan, I.A. (2007). Quantitative and qualitative determination of six xanthones in Garcinia mangostana L. by LC-PDA and LC-ESI-MS. J. Pharmaceut. Biomed., 43:1270- 1276.
Kosem, N., Han, Y.H., and Moongkarndi, P. (2007). Antioxidant and cytoprotective activities of methanolic extract from Garcinia mangostana hulls. ScienceAsia, 33:283-292.
Leiseisen, J., Piller, R., Hermann, S., and Chang-Claude, J. (2004). Dietary phytoestrogen intake and premenopausal breast cancer risk in a German case-control study. Int. J. Cancer, 11:284-290.
Leong, L.P. and Shui, G. (2002). An investigation of antioxidant capacity of fruits in Singapore markets. Food Chem., 76:69-75.
Mahabusarakam, W., Proudfoot, J., Taylor, W., and Croft, K. (2000). Inhibition of lipoprotein oxidation by prenylated xanthones derived from mangostin. Free Radical Res., 33:643-659.
Mahabusarakam, W., Kuaha, K., Wilairat, P., and Taylor, W.C. (2006). Prenylated xanthones as potential antiplasmodial substances. Planta Med., 72:912-916.
Matsumoto, K., Akao, Y., Kobayashi, E., Ohguchi, K., Ito, T., Tanaka, T., Iinuma, M., and Nozawa, Y. (2003). Induction of apoptosis by xanthones from mangosteen in human leukemia cell lines. J. Nat. Prod., 66:1124-1127.
Matsumoto, K., Akao, Y., Yi, H., Ohguchi, K., Ito, T., Tanaka, T., Kobayashi, E., Iinuma, M., and Nozawa, Y. (2004). Preferential target is mitochondria in α-mangostin induced apoptosis in leukemia HL60 cells. Bioorgan. Med. Chem., 12:5799-5806.
Matsumoto, K., Akao, Y., Yi, H., Ohguchi, K., Ito, T., Tanaka, T., Iinuma, M., and Nozawa, Y. (2005). Xanthones induce cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in human colon cancer DLD-1 cells. Bioorgan. Med. Chem., 13:6,064-6,069.
Merril, R.P. and Weed, D.L. (2001). Measuring the public health burden of cancer in the United States through lifetime and age-condition rich estimates. Ann. Epidemiol., 11:547-533.
Moongkarndi, P., Kosem, N., Luanratana, O., Pongpan, N., and Neungton, N. (2004). Antiproliferation, antioxidation and induction of apoptosis by Garcinia mangostana (mangosteen) on SKBR3 human breast cancer cell line. J. Ethnopharmacol., 90:161-166.
Ngawhirunpat, T., Opanasopi, P., Sukma, M., Sittisombut, C., Kat, A., and Adachi, I. (2010). Antioxidant, free radical-scavenging activity and cytotoxicity of different solvent extracts and their phenolic constituents from the fruit hull of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana). Pharm. Biol., 48:55-62.
Okonogi, S., Duangrat, C., Anuchpreeda, S., Tachakit¬tirungrod, S., and Chowwanapoonpohn, S. (2007). Comparison of the antioxidant capacities and cytotoxicities of certain fruit peels. Food Chem., 103:839-846.
Page, B., Page, M., and Noel, C. (1993). A new fluorometric assay for cytotoxicity measurements in vitro. Int. J. Oncol., 3:473-476.
Pedraza-Chaverri, J., Cardenas-Rodriguez, N., Orozco-Ibarra, M., and Perez-Rojas, J.M. (2008). Medicinal properties of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana). Food Chem. Toxicol., 46:3227- 3239.
Pierce, S.C. (2003). A Thai Herbal. Findhorn Press, Findhorn, Scotland, UK, 118p.
Sakagami, Y., Linuma, M., Piyasena, K.G.N.P., and Dharmaratne, H.R.W. (2005). Antibacterial activity of α-mangostin against vancomycin resistant Enterococci (VRE) and synergism with antibiotics. Phytomedicine, 12:203-208.
Sanchez-Moreno, C., Plaza, L., De Ancos, B., and Cano, M.P. (2003). Quantitative bioactive compounds assessment and their relative contribution to the antioxidant capacity of commercial orange juices. J. Sci. Food Agric., 83:430-439.
Singleton, V.L., Orthofer, R., and Lamuela-Raventos, R.M. (1999). Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidations by means of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Method. Enzymol., 299:152-178.
Suksamran, S., Suwannapoch, N., Phakhodee, W., Thanuhiranlert, J., Ratananukul, P., Chimnoi, N., and Suksamran, A. (2003). Antimycobacterial activity of prenylated xanthones from the fruits of Garcinia mangostana. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin (Tokyo), 51:857-859.
Tan, M.I. and Sophianie, B.N.E. (2011). Effects of mangostatin on the activity of protein kinase A and expression of estrogen receptor in human breast cancer cell line. Proceedings of the International Conference on Advances in Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences; December 23-24, 2011; Bangkok, Thailand, p. 238-242.
Wang, J.J., Shi, Q.H., Zhang, W., and Sanderson, B.J.S. (2012). Anti-skin cancer properties of phenolic-rich extract from the pericarp of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn.). Food Chem. Toxicol., 50:3004-3013.
Williams, P., Ongsakul, M., Proudfoot, J., Croft, K., and Bellin, L. (1995). Mangosteen inhibits the oxidative modification of human low density lipoprotein. Free Radical Res., 23:175-184.
Yoshikawa, M., Harada, E., Miki, A., Tsukamoto, K., Si-Qian, L., Yamahara, J., and Murakami, N. (1994). Antioxidant constituents from the fruit hulls of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) originating in Vietnam. Yakuga. Zasshi, 114:129- 133.
Yu, L., Zhao, M., Yang, B., Zhao, Q., and Jiang, Y. (2007). Phenolics from hull of Garcinia mangostana fruit and their antioxidant activities. Food Chem., 104:176-181.
Yu, L., Zhao, M., Yang, B., and Bai, W. (2009). Immuno¬modulatory and anticancer activities of phenolics from Garcinia mangostana fruit pericarp. Food Chem., 116:969-973.
