DECOLORIZATION OF REMAZOL BRILLIANT BLUE R BY FLUIDIZED-BED DRIED LENTINUS POLYCHROUS LEV.
Keywords:
Decolorization, Remazol Brillant Blue R, Fluidized-bed drying, Lentinus polychrous Lev, Pleurotus ostreatusAbstract
Decolorization of 100 mg/l Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR), a model of xenobiotics, by Lentinuspolychrous L v. was compared with Pleurotus ostreatus in fresh and dried forms with various drying times (5, 10, and 15 min). The result showed that L. polychrous L v., in particular dried forms, had higher decolorization efficiency (91%) than P. ostreatus (6-15%). Then, the factors influencing decolorization of L. polychrous L v. including mycelial ages, initial pHs, shaking speeds, and activation media were investigated. The 17-day-old dried fungi showed the highest decolorization efficiency; however, due to the long growth period, the 5-day-old cultures were selected. The optimal decolorization condition was initial pH 4 and the shaking speed 250 rpm, providing the shortest decolorization time(96 h) with 91% decolorization. The activation with Mushroom Complete Medium (MCM) and Minimal Medium showed that MCM caused more activation, providing 60 h of decolorization time and the highest laccase activity (3.76 U/ml) and manganese peroxidase activity (2.71 U/ml). After 6 month storage, the time required to complete activation increased from 36 h to 6 days. FTIR analysis proved that the biodegradation was the main mechanism of dye removal. The phytotoxicity tests on seed germination of Zea mays L. and Ipomoea aquatic Forsk. revealed that the toxicity of RBBR was reduced
References
AOAC. (2000). Official Methods of Analysis. 17th ed.AOAC International, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
Asgher, M., Batool, S., Bhatti, H.N., Noreen, R.,Rahman, S.U., and Asad, M.J. (2008). Laccasemediated decolorization of vat dyes by Coriolusversicolor IBL-04. Int. Biodeter. Biodegr.,62(2):465-470.
Birhanli, E. and Yesilada, O. (2006). Increasedproduction of laccase by pellets of Funaliatrogii ATCC 200800 and Trametes versicolorATCC 200801 in repeated-batch mode. Enzym.Microb. Technol., 39(6):1286-1293.
Cardoso, N.F., Pinto, R.B., Lima, E.C., Calvete, T.,Amavisca, C.V., Royer, B., Cunha, M.L.,Fernandes, T.H.M., and Pinto, I. (2011).Removal of remazol black B textile dye fromaqueous solution by adsorption. Desalination.,269(1-3):92-103.
Castillo, M.D., Stenstrom, J., and Ander, P. (1994).Determination of manganese peroxidaseactivity with 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinonehydrazone and 3-(dimethylamino)benzoicacid. Anal. Biochem., 218(2):399-404.
Ding, J., Cong, J., Zhou, J., and Gao, S. (2008).Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon biodegradationand extracellular enzyme secretion inagitated and stationary cultures of Phanerochaetechrysosporium. J. Environ. Sci., 20(1):88-93.
Eichleorova, I., Homolka, L., Benada, O., Kofronova,O., Hubalek, T., and Nerud, F. (2007). Decolorizationof Orange G and Remazol Brilliant Blue Rby the white rot fungus Dichomitus squalens:Toxicological evaluation and morphologicalstudy. Chemosphere., 69(5):795-802.
El Hammadi, M.A., Trabelsi, M., and Hanchi, B. (2007).Phytotoxicity of Tunisian municipal and textilesludges compared to the produced composts.Asian J. Agric. Res., 1(2):86-91.
Erkurt, E.A., Unyayar, A., and Kumbur, H. (2007).Decolorization of synthetic dyes by white rotfungi, involving laccase enzyme in the process.Process Biochem., 42(10):1429-1435.
Fanchiang, J.M. and Tseng, D.H. (2009). Degradationof anthraquinone dye C.I. Reactive Blue 19 inaqueous solution by ozonation. Chemosphere.,77(2):214-221.
Golob, V., Vinder, A., and Simonie, M. (2005).Efficiency of the coagulation/flocculation methodfor the treatment of dyebath effluents. DyesPigments., 67(2):93-97.
Hatakka, A. (1994). Lignin modifying enzymes fromselected white-rot fungi: production and rolein lignin degradation. FEMS. Microbiol. Rev.,13(2-3):125-35.
Hughes, H.P. and Macer, R.C.F. (1964). The preservationof Puccinia striiformis and other obligatecereal pathogens by vacuum-drying. T. Brit.Mycol. Soc., 47(4):477-484.
Kapdan, L.K., Kargia, F., McMullan, G., and Marchant,R. (2000). Effect of environmental conditionson biological decolorization of textile dyestuffby C. versicolor. Enzym. Microb. Technol., 26(5-6):381-387.
Keum, Y.S. and Li, Q.X. (2004). Fungal laccasecatalyzeddegradation of hydroxy polychlorinatedbiphenyls. Chemosphere., 56(1):23-30.
Khammuang, S. and Sarnthima, R. (2007). Laccase fromspent mushroom compost of Lentinus polychrousLev. and its potential for Remazol Brilliant BlueR decolourisation. J. Biotechnol., 6(3):408-413.
Larena, I., Cal, A.D., Linan, M., and Melgarejo, P.(2003). Drying of Epicoccum nigrum conidiafor obtaining a shelf-stable biological productagainst brown rot disease. J. Appl. Microbiol.,94(3):508-514.
Lewinsky, A.A. (2007). Hazardous Materials and Wastewater:Treatment, Removal and Analysis. NovaScience Publishers, Hauppauge, NY, USA, 389p.
Mozia, S., Morawski, A.W., Toyoda, M., and Tsumura,T. (2009). Effect of process parameters onphotodegradation of Acid Yellow 36 in a hybridphotocatalysis–membrane distillation system.Chem. Eng. J., 150(1):152–159.
Murugesan, K., Nam, I.H., Kim, Y.M., and Chang, Y.S.(2007). Decolorization of reactive dyes by a thermostablelaccase produced by Ganodermalucidum in solid state culture. Enzym. Microb.Technol., 40(7):1662-1672.
Novotny, C., Rawal, B., Bhatt, M., Patel, M., SaSek, V.,and Molitoris, H.P. (2001). Capacity of Irpexlacteus and Pleurotus ostreatus for decolorizationof chemically different dyes. J. Biotechnol.,89(2-3):113-122.
Novotny, C., Svobodova, K., Kasinath, A., and Erbanova,P. (2004). Biodegradation of synthetic dyes byIrpex lacteus under various growth conditions.Int. Biodeter. Biodegr., 54(2-3):215-223.
Nyanhongo, G.S., Gomes, J., Gubitz, G.M., Zvauya, R.,Read, J., and Steiner, W. (2002). Decolorizationof textile dyes by laccases from a newly isolatedstrain of Trametes modesta. Water Res.,36(6):1449-1456.
Osma, J.F., Toca-Herrera, J.L., and Rodriguez-Couto, S.(2010). Transformation pathway of RemazolBrilliant Blue R by immobilised laccase.Bioresource. Technol., 101(22):8509-8514.
Ozsoy, H.D., Unyayar, A., and Mazmanci, M.A. (2005).Decolourisation of reactive textile dyes DrimareneBlue X3LR and Remazol Brilliant Blue R by Funaliatrogii ATCC 200800. Biodegradation., 16(3):195-204.
Palmieri, G., Cennamo, G., and Sannia, G. (2005).Remazol Brilliant Blue R decolourization by thefungus Pleurotus ostreatus and its oxidativeenzymatic system. Enzym. Microb. Technol.,36(1):17-24.
Phetsom, J., Khammuang, S., Suwannawong, P., andSarnthima, R. (2009). Copper-alginate encapsulationof crude laccase from Lentinus polychrousLev. and their effectiveness in synthetic dyesdecolorization. J. Biol. Sci., 9(6):573-583.
Pukahuta, C., Suwanarit, P., Shianagawa, E., Hoshida,H., and Nishizawa, Y. (2004). Combination oflaccase, xylanase and cellulase in lignocellulosesdegradation by white rot fungi, Lentinuspolychrous Lev. and L. squarrosulus Mont.Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 38(1):65-73.
Radha, K.V., Regupathi, I., Arunagiri, A., and Murugesan,T. (2005). Decolorization studies of syntheticdyes using Phanerochaete chrysosporium and theirkinetics. Process Biochem., 40(10):3337-3345.
Ravikumar, K., Ramalingam, S., Krishnan, S., and Balu,K. (2006). Application of response surface methodologyto optimize the process variables forreactive red and acid brown dye removal using anovel adsorbent. Dyes Pigments., 70(1):18-26.
Revankar, M.S. and Lele, S.S. (2007). Synthetic dyedecolorization by white rot fungus, Ganodermasp. WR-1. Bioresource. Technol., 98(4):775-780.
Rodriguez, E., Michael, A.P., and Rafael, V.D. (1999).Industrial dye decolorization by laccases fromligninolytic fungi. Curr. Microbiol., 38(1):27-32.
Sarnthima, R., Khammuang, S., and Svasti, J. (2009).Extracellular ligninolytic enzymes by Lentinuspolychrous Lev. under solid-state fermentationof potential agro-industrial wastes and theireffectiveness in decolorization of synthetic dyes.Biotechnol. Bioproc. E., 14(4):513-522.
Srinivasan, S.V. and Murthy, D.V.S. (2009). Statisticaloptimization for decolorization of textile dyesusing Trametes versicolor. J. Hazard Mater., 165(1-3):909-914.
Sukumar, M., Sivasamy, A., and Swaminathan, G. (2009).In situ biodecolorization kinetics of Acid Red 66in aqueous solutions by Trametes versicolor. J.Hazard Mater., 167(1-3):660-663.
Tekbas, M., Yatmaz, H.C., and Bektao, N. (2008).Heterogeneous photo-Fenton oxidation ofreactive azo dye solutions using iron exchangedzeolite as a catalyst. Micropor. Mesopor. Mater.,115(3):594-602.
Thanh, N.V. and Nout, M.J.R. (2004). Dormancy, activationand viability of Rhizopus oligosporussporangiospores. Int. J. Food Microbiol.,92(2):171-179.
Tien, M. and Kirk, T.K. (1984). Lignin-degradingenzyme from Phanerochaete chrysosporium:Purification, characterization, and catalyticproperties of a unique H2O2 – requiringoxygenase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 81(8):2280-2284.
Tiquia, S.M. and Tam, N.F.Y. (1998). Elimination ofphytotoxicity during co-composting of spentpig-manure sawdust litter and pig sludge.Bioresource. Technol., 65(1-2):43-49.
Wu, J., Xiao, Y.Z., and Yu, H.Q. (2005). Degradation oflignin in pulp mill wastewaters by white-rot fungion biofilm. Bioresource. Technol., 96(12):1357-1363.
Zucconi, F., Monaco, A., and Forte, M. (1985).Phytotoxins during the stabilisation of organicmatter. In: Composting of Agricultural and Other Wastes. Gasser, J.K.R. (ed.)., Elsevier, New York,NY, p. 73-86
