MIXTURES OF VEGETABLE OIL AND USED FRYING OIL AS FEEDSTOCK FOR BIODIESEL PRODUCTION IN THAILAND
Keywords:
Biodiesel, methanolysis, used frying oil, methyl ester content, used frying oil-to-fresh vegetable oil ratioAbstract
In this study, used frying oil was mixed with 3 fresh vegetable oils at various blending ratios (0.03-0.20 v/v) in order to study the feasibility of the biodiesel production from the mixed oil feedstocks byKOH-catalyzed methanolysis and also examine the effect of used frying oil content in oil feedstockon the reaction. The methanolysis was carried out with fresh vegetable oils (coconut, sunflower, androselle oils), used frying oil (palm oil) and the mixtures of fresh vegetable oils and used frying oil inorder to compare the methyl ester content in biodiesel products. The results revealed that biodieselscould be successfully produced from mixed oil feedstocks and the used frying oil- to-fresh vegetableoil ratio of 0.03 v/v was required in order to produced coconut-used frying oil and roselle-usedfrying oil biodiesels having methyl ester content higher than the minimum (96.5%w/w) prescribedby European Standard EN 14214 (2008) and Thai biodiesel (B100) specifications. The used frying oilcontent in oil feedstock had the negative effect on the reaction which resulted in the reduction ofmethyl ester content in biodiesel products. This was due to the free fatty acid and water in usedfrying oil caused soap formation which interfered with the reaction. The measured properties ofbiodiesels produced from mixed oil feedstocks at blending ratio of 0.03 v/v met with Thai biodiesel(B100) specifications, with the exception of the slight lower methyl ester content and lower viscosityof the sunflower-used frying oil biodiesel and the coconut-used frying oil biodiesel, respectively.
References
AOAC 984.20. (1990). Official Methods ofAnalysis. AOAC International, Gaithersburg,MD, USA.
AOAC 940.28. (2000). Official Methods ofAnalysis. AOAC International, Gaithersburg,MD, USA.
AOAC 963.22, 969.33. (2005). OfficialMethods of Analysis. AOAC International,Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
ASTM D 130-94. (1994). Standard Test Methodfor Detection of Copper Corrosion fromPetroleum Products by the Copper StripTarnish Test. Annual Book of ASTMStandards. ASTM International, WestConshohocken, PA, USA.
ASTM D 4052-96. (1996). Standard TestMethod for Density and Relative Densityof Liquids by Digital Density Meter.Annual Book of ASTM Standards.
ASTM International, West Conshohocken,PA, USA.
ASTM D 664-01. (2001). Standard TestMethod for Acid Number of PetroleumProducts by Potentiometric Titration.Annual Book of ASTM Standards. ASTMInternational, West Conshohocken, PA,USA.
ASTM D 93-02a. (2002). Standard TestMethods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester. Annual Bookof ASTM Standards. ASTM International,West Conshohocken, PA, USA.
ASTM D 445-06. (2006). Standard TestMethod for Kinetic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and Calculation ofDynamic Viscosity). Annual Book ofASTM Standards. ASTM International,West Conshohocken, PA, USA.
ASTM D 6751-07b. (2007). StandardSpecification for Biodiesel Fuel BlendStock (B100) for Middle DistillateFuels. Annual Book of ASTM Standards.ASTM International, West Conshohocken,PA, USA.
Balat, M. and Balat, H. (2008). A criticalreview of bio-diesel as a vehicular fuel.Energy Convers. Manage., 49:2727-2741.
Canakci, M. and Gerpen, J.V. (1999). Biodieselproduction via acid catalyst. Trans. Am.Soc. Agricul. Eng., 42(5): 1203-1210.
Canakci, M and Gerpen, J.V. (2001). Biodieselproduction from oils and fats with highfree fatty acids. Trans. Am. Soc. Agricul.Eng., 44(6): 1429-1436.
Dorado, M.P., Ballesteros, E., López, F.J., andMittelbach, M. (2004). Optimization ofalkali-catalyzed transesterification ofBrassica Carinata oil for biodieselproduction. Energy Fuels, 18(1):77–83.
Encinar, J.M., González, J.F., Sabio, E., andRamiro, M.J. (1999). Preparation andproperties of biodiesel from Cynaracardunculus L. oil. Ind. Eng. Chem.Res., 38:2927-2931.
European Standard EN 14103. (2003). Fat andoil derivatives. Fatty Acid Methyl Esters(FAME). Determination of ester andlinolenic acid methyl ester contents.European Committee for Standardization,Brussels, Belgium.
European Standard EN 14214. (2008). Automotivefuels. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME)for diesel engines. Requirements andtest methods. European Committee forStandardization, Brussels, Belgium.
Freedman, B., Pryde E.H., and Mounts T.L.(1984). Variables affecting the yields offatty esters from transesterified vegetableoils. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 61(10):1638-1643.
Gerpen, J.V. (2005). Biodiesel processing andproduction. Fuel Process. Technol.,86:1097-1107.
Ghadge, S.V. and Raheman, H. (2005). Biodieselproduction from mahua (Madhuca indica)oil having high free fatty acid. BiomassBioenerg., 28:601-605.
ISO 12937. (2000). Petroleum products –Determination of water – CoulometricKarl Fischer titration method. InternationalOrganization for Standardization, Geneva,Switzerland.
Issariyakul, T., Kulkarni, M.G., Meher, L.C.,Dalai, A.K., and Bakhshi, N.N. (2008).Biodiesel production from mixtures ofcanola oil and use cooking oil. Chem.Eng. J., 140:77-85.
Krishnakumar, J., Venkatachalapathy, V.S.K.,and Elancheliyan, S. (2008). Technicalaspects of biodiesel production fromvegetable oils. Therm. Sci., 12:159-169.
Leung, D.Y.C. and Guo, Y. (2006). Transesterificationof neat and used frying oil:Optimization for biodiesel production.Fuel Process. Technol., 87:883-890.
Lewis, R.J., Sr. (1993). Hawley’s CondensedChemical Dictionary. 12th ed. Van NostrandReinhold Company, NY, 1275p.
Ma, F. and Hanna, M.A. (1999). Biodieselproduction : a review. Bioresource Technol.,70:1-15.
Meher, L.C., Sagar, D.V., and Naik, S.N.(2006a). Technical aspects of biodieselProduction by Transesterification—areview. Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev., 10(3):248-268.
Meher, L.C., Dharmagadda, V.S.S., and Naik,S.N. (2006b). Optimization of alkalicatalyzedtransesterification of Pongamiapinnata oil for production of biodiesel.Bioresource Technol., 97:1392-1397.
Oliveira, L.S., Franca, A.S., Camargos,R.R.S., and Ferraz, V.P. (2008). Coffeeoil as a potential feedstock for biodieselproduction. Bioresource Technol., 99:3244-3250.
Ramadhas, A.S., Muraleedhaean, C., and Jayaraj,S. (2005a). Performance and emissionevaluation of a diesel engine fueled withmethyl esters of rubber seed oil. Renew.Energ., 30:1789-1800.
Ramadhas, A.S., Jayaraj, S., and Muraleedharan,C. (2005b). Biodiesel production fromhigh FFA rubber seed oil. Fuel, 84:335-340.
Schinas, P., Karavalakis, G., Davaris, C.,Anastopoulos, G., Karonis, D., Zannikos,F., Stournas, S., and Lois, E. (2009).Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) seed oil asan alternative feedstock for the productionof biodiesel in Greece. Biomass Bioenerg.,33(1):44-49.
Tiwari, A.K., Kumar, A., and Raheman, H.(2007). Biodiesel production fromjatropha oil (Jatropha curcas) with highfree fatty acids: An optimized process.Biomass Bioenerg., 31:569-575.
Tomasevic, A.V. and Siler-Marinkovic, S.S.(2003). Methanolysis of used frying oil.Fuel Process. Technol., 81:1-6.
Vicente, G., Martinez, M., Aracil, J., andEsteban, A. (2005). Kinetics of sunfloweroil methanolysis. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.,44:5447-5454.
Wang, Y., Ou, S., Liu, P., and Zhang, Z. (2007).Preparation of biodiesel from waste cookingoil via two-step catalyzed process. EnergyConvers. Manage., 48:184-188.
Zheng, S., Kates, M., Dube, M.A., and McLean,D.D. (2006). Acid-catalyzed productionof biodiesel from waste frying oil. BiomassBioenerg., 30(3):267-272.
