SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ZEOLITE LSX FROM RICE HUSK SILICA
Keywords:
Rice husk silica, NaK-LSX, zeolite, hydrothermalAbstract
Silica powder with approximately 98% purity was extracted from rice husk (RH), converted to asodium silicate solution, and used as a silica source for the synthesis of low silica type X (LSX) byhydrothermal process. The synthesized zeolite in the form of Na and K cations, referred to as NaKLSX,was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR), which confirmed the success of the synthesis. Images from scanning electron microscopy(SEM) of NaK-LSX displayed multi-faceted spherulite particles composed of polycrystal particleswith different sizes along with small amorphous particles. The particle size distribution of NaKLSXfrom a laser diffraction particle size analyzer (DPSA) was in the range of 0.2 - 50 μm andnitrogen adsorption indicated a surface area around 400 m2/g. The structure of LSX did not changeafter the ion-exchange to produce an ammonium form but collapsed after subsequent calcination
References
Auerbach, S.M., Carrado, K.A., and Dutta, K.P.(2003). Handbook of Zeolite Science andTechnology. 1st ed. Marcel Dekker Inc., NY,1p.
Chang, F.W., Kuo, W.Y., and Yang H.C. (2005).Preparation of Cr2O3-promoted coppercatalysts on rice husk ash by incipientwetness impregnation. Appl. Catal.A-Gen., 288:53-61.
Chandrasekhar, S. and Pramada, P.N. (2001).Sintering behavior of ammoniumexchanged low silica zeolites synthesizedby two different routes. Ceram. Int., 27:351-361.
Chandrasekhar, S. and Pramada, P.N. (2002).Thermal study of low silica zeolites andtheir magnesium exchanged forms. Ceram.Int., 28:177-186 .
Corma A. (2001). Zeolites as catalysts. In: FineChemicals Through HeterogeneousCatalysis. Sheldon, R.A. and Bekkum, H.(eds). Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 80p.
Cundy, C.S. and Cox, P.A. (2005). The hydrothermalsynthesis of zeolites: Precursors,intermediates and reaction mechanism.Micropor. Mesopor. Mat., 82(1-2):1-78.
Dyer, A., Tangkawanit, S., and Rangsriwatananon,K. (2004). Exchange diffusion ofCu2+, Ni2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+ into analcimesynthesized from perlite. Micropor.Mesopor. Mat., 75:273-279.
Esposito, S., Ferone, C., Pansini, M., Bonaccorsi,L., and Proverbio, E. (2004). A comparativestudy of the thermal transformationsof Ba-exchanged zeolites A, X and LSX.J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 24:2,689-2,697.
Grisdanurak, N, Chiarakorn, S., and Wittayakun,J. (2003). Utilization of mesoporousmolecular sieves synthesized fromnatural source rice husk silica to chlorinatedvolatile organic compounds(CVOCs) adsorption. Korean J. Chem.Eng., 20:950-955.
Huang, F.-C., Lee, J.-F., Lee, C.-K., and Chao,H.-P. (2004). Effects of cation exchangeon the pore and surface structure andadsorption characteristics of montmorillonite.Colliod. Surface. A, 239:41-47.
Huang, S., Jing, S., Wang, J., Wang, Z., and Jin,Y. (2001). White silica obtained from ricehusk in fluidized propellant bed. PowderTechnol., 117:232-238.
Joshi, U.D., Joshi, P.N., Tamhankar, S.S., Joshi,V.P., Idagec, B.B., Joshid, V.V., and Shiralkar,P.V. (2002). Influence of the size ofextraframework monovalent cations inX-type zeolite on their thermal behavior.Thermochim. Acta, 387:121-130.
Kapur, P.C. (1985). Production of reactivebio-silica from the combustion of rice huskin a tube-in-basket (TiB) burner. PowderTechnol., 44:63-67.
Katsuki, H., Furuta, S., Watari, T., and Komarneni,S. (2005). ZSM-5 zeolites/porous carboncomposite: Conventional-and microwavehydrothermalsynthesis from carbonizedrice husk. Micropor. Mesopor. Mat.,86:145-151.
Khemthong, P. and Wittayakun, J., (2006).Synthesis and characterization of ZeolitesY from rice husk silica. Proceedings ofthe 32nd Congress on Science andTechnology of Thailand; October 10 - 12,2006; Thailand, 163p.
Kühl, G. (2001). Low silica type X. In: VerifiedSyntheses of Zeolitic Materials. 2nd ed.Robson, H. (ed). Elsevier Science B.V.,Amterdam, p. 153-154.
Langmi, H.W., Walton, A., Al-Mamouri, M.M.,Johnson, S.R., Book, D., Speight, J.D.,Edwards, P.P., Gameson, I., Anderson,P.A., and Harris, I.R. (2003). Hydrogenadsorption in zeolites A, X, Y and RHO.J. Alloy. Compd., 356-357:710-715.
Langmi, H.W., Book, D., Walton, A., Johnson,S.R., Al-Mamouri, M.M., Speight, J.D.,Edwards, P.P., Harris, I.R., and Anderson,P.A. (2005). Hydrogen storage in ionexchangedzeolites. J. Alloy. Compd.,404-406:637-342.
Lee, H.J., Kim, Y.M., Kweon, O.S., and Kim, I.J.(2006). Structural and morphologicaltransformation of NaX zeolite crystalsat high temperature. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc.,27(2-3):561-564.
Li, Y. and Yang, T.R. (2006). Hydrogen storage inlow silica type X zeolites. J. Phys. Chem.B., 110:17,175-17,181.
Liou, T.H. (2004). Preparation and Characterizationof nano-strucutred silica from ricehusk. Mat. Sci. Eng. A, 364:313-323.
Park, B.D. (2003). Characterization of anatomicalfeatures and silica distribution in rice huskusing microscopic and micro-analyticaltechniques. Biomass and Bioenerg.,25:319-327.
Prasetyoko, D., Ramli, Z., Endud, S., Hamdan,H., and Sulikowski, B. (2006). Conversionof rice husk ash to zeolite beta. WasteManage., 26:1,173-1,179.
Rakoczy, R.A. and Traa, Y. (2003). Nanocrystallinezeolite A: synthesis, ion exchangeand dealumination. Micropor. Mesopor.Mat., 60:69-78.
Roberie, T.G., Hildebrandt, D., Creighton, J., andGilson, J.-P. (2001). Preparation of zeolitecatalysts. In: Zeolites for Cleaner Technologies.Guisnet, M. and Golson, J.-P.(eds). Catalytic Science Series. ImperialCollege Press, London. (3):57-63.
Sang, S., Liu, Z., Tian, P., Liu, Z., Qu, L., andZhang, Y. (2006). Synthesis of smallcrystals zeolite NaY. Mater. Lett., 60:1,131-1,133.
Sun, L. and Gong, K. (2001). Silicon-basedmaterial from rice husks and their applications.Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 40:5,861-5,877.
Tangkawanit, S. and Rangsriwatananon, K.(2004). Synthesis and kinetic study ofzeolite from Lopburi perlite. Suranaree J.Sci. Technol., 12(1):61-68.
Wang, H., Lin, P.K.S., Huang, Y.J., Li, M.C., andTsaur, L.K. (1998). Synthesis of zeoliteZSM-48 from rice husk ash. J. Hazard.Mater., 58:147-152.
Williams, P.T. and Nugranad N. (2000). Comparisonof products from the pyrolysis andcatalytic pyrolysis of rice husks. Energy,25:493-513.
