EFFECT OF SYNCHRONIZING THE RATE OF DIETARY ENERGY AND NITROGEN RELEASE ON REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE IN BRAHMAN-THAI NATIVE CROSSBRED BEEF CATTLE
Keywords:
Beef cattle, energy, nitrogen, ertility, synchrony indexAbstract
The objective of this research was to determine the effect of synchronizing the rate of dietary energy and nitrogen release on fertility in Brahman-Thai native crossbred beef cattle. Sixteen Brahman-Thai native crossbred beef cattle weighing an average of 276.31 + 34.29 kg were housed individually. The animals were divided into two groups, each group balanced by heifers and cows. Prior to formulation of the dietary treatments, feed ingredients were analyzed for chemical composition and the nylon bag technique was used to analyze feed ingredients for degradability. The treatments were organized in two levels of a synchrony index (low, 0.39 and high, 0.74) and assigned randomly to one of two groups of animals. The results indicate that blood urea nitrogen decreased (P<0.01) when the synchrony index increased. First service conception rate, hematology, diameter of reproductive organ, pre-insemination estrous cycle length and post-insemination progesterone concentration were not different (P>0.05) as the levels of the synchrony index increased, while body weight gain increased (P<0.05) as levels of the synchrony index increased.
References
AOAC. (1990). Official Methods of Analysis. 15th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, Virginia, USA, (1):69-90.
Berardinelli, J.G., Weng, J., Burfening, P.J., and Adair, R. (2001). Effect of excess degradable intake protein in early embryonic development, ovarian steroids and urea nitrogen on days 2, 3, 4, and 5 of the estrous cycle in mature ewes. J. Anim. Sci., 79:193-199.
Blauwiekel, R., Kincaid, R.L., and Reves, J.J. (1986). Effect of high crude protein on pituitary and ovarian function in Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci., 69:439-446.
Britt, J.H., and Holt, L.C. (1988). Endro crinological screening of embryo donors and embryo transfer recipients: A review of research with cattle. Theriogenology, 26:189-198.
Butler, W.R. (1998). Review: Effect of protein nutrition on ovarian and uterine physiology in dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci., 81:2,533-2,539.
Butler, W.R., Calaman, J.J., and Beam, S.W. (1996). Plasma and milk urea nitrogen in relation to pregnancy rate in lactating dairy cattle. J. Anim. Sci., 74:858-865.
Canfield, R.W., Sniffen, C.J., and Butler, W.R. (1990). Effect of excess degradable protein on postpartum reproduction and energy balance in dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci., 73:2,342-2,349.
Carroll, D.J., Barton, B.A., Anderson, G.W., and Smith, R.D. (1988). Influence of protein intake and feeding strategy on reproductive performance of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 71:3,470-3,482.
Chumpawadee, S., Sommart, K., Vongpralub, T., and Pattarajinda, V. (2004a). Effect of synchronizing the rate of dietary energy and nitrogen release on ruminal fermentation, microbial protein synthesis and blood urea nitrogen in beef cattle. Proceedings of the 11th Asian-Australasian Animal Science Congress; Sept 5-9, 2004, (V.III) (H.K. Wong et al., eds); Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, p.364-366.
Chumpawadee, S., Sommart, K., Vongpralub, T., and Pattarajinda, V. (2004b). Effects of synchronizing degradation rate of dietary energy and nitrogen release on digestibility, rumen fermentation and average daily gain in Brahman beef cattle. Proceedings of the 11th Asian-Australasian Animal Science Congress; Sept 5-9, 2004, (V.II) (H.K. Wong et al., eds); Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, p. 364-366.
Dasgupta, R.R., Kar, A.B., and Dhar, M.D. (1971). Spermicidal activity of urea. Ind. J. Exp. Biol., 9:414-422.
Duby, R.T., and Trischler, J.P. (1986). Effect of dietary protein on reproduction in the ewe and dairy cow. New England Dairy Feed Conf., Concord, NH, p. 339.
Elrod, C.C., and Butler, W.R. (1993). Reduction of fertility and alteration of uterine pH in heifers" feed excess ruminally degradable protein. J. Anim. Sci., 71:694-701.
Elrod, C.C., Van Amburgh, M., and Butler, W.R. (1993). Alterations of pH in response to increased dietary protein in cattle are unique to uterus. J. Anim. Sci., 71:702-706.
Ferguson. J.D., Gallingan, D.T., Blanchard, T., and Reeves, M. (1993). Serum urea nitrogen and conception rate: The usefulness of test information. J. Dairy Sci., 76:3,742-3,753.
Folman, Y., Heumark, H., Kaim, M., and Kaufmann, W. (1981). Performance, rumen and blood metabolites in high-yielding cows fed varying protein percents and protected soybean. J. Dairy Sci., 64:759-768.
Hansen, P.J. (2004). Bovine rectal palpation. Available from: http://www.animal.ufl.edu/ hansen/protocols/palpation.manual.htm. Accessed date: Dec 16, 2004.
Jain, N.C. (1993). Essentials of Veterinary He matology. 1st ed. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia. p. 417.
Jordan, E.R., and Swanson, L.V. (1979). Serum progesterone and luteinizing hormone in dairy cattle fed varying levels of crude protein. J. Anim. Sci., 48:1,154-1,158.
Jordan, E.R., Chapman, T.E., Holtan, P.E., and Swanson, L.V. (1983). Relationship of dietary crude protein to composition of uterine secretions and blood in high producing postpartum dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 66:1,854-1,862.
McCormick, M.E., French, D.D., Brown, T.F., Cuomo, G.J., Chapa, A.M., Fernandez, J.M., Beatty, J.F., and Blouin, D.C. (1999). Crude protein and rumen undegradable protein effects on reproduction and lactation performance of Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci., 82:2,697-2,708.
Melendez, P., Donovan, A., and Herandez, J. (2000). Milk urea nitrogen and infertility in Florida Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci., 83:459-463.
Morrow, D.A. (2004). Bovine reproductive structures. Available from: http://lam. vet.uga.edu/LAM/LM000026HTM. Accessed date: Dec 16, 2004.
Nitipot, P., and Sommart, K. (2003). Evaluation of ruminant nutritive value of cassava starch industry by-products, energy feed sources and roughages using in vitro gas production technique. Proceedings of Annual Agricultural Seminar for year 2003, Jan 27-28, 2003; Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand. p. 179-190.
∅rskov, E.R., and McDonald, I. (1979). The estimation of protein degradability in the rumen from incubation measurements weighted according to rate of passage. J. Agric. Sci. (Camb)., 92:499-504.
Randel, R.D. (1990). Unique reproductive traits of Brahman and Brahman based cows. 39th Annual Florida Beef Cattle Short Course Proceedings; May 4, 1990; University of Florida (Gainesville, Animal Science Department). Gainesville, FL., p. 238.
Robinson, J.J. (1996). Nutrition and reproduction. Anim. Reprod. Sci., 42:25-34.
SAS. (1996). SAS User's Guide: Statistics, Version 6. 12th ed. SAS Institute Inc.Cary, NC, p. 846.
Saitoh, M., and Takahashi, S. (1977). Embryonic loss and progesterone metabolism in rats fed a high energy diet. J. Nutr., 107:230-241.
Shabi, Z., Arieli, A., Bruckental, L., Aharoni, Y., Zamwel, S., Bor, A., and Tagari, H. (1998). Effect of the synchronization of the degradation of dietary crude protein and organic matter and feeding frequency on ruminal fermentation and flow of digesta in the abomasums of dietary cows. J. Dairy Sci., 81:1,991-2,000.
Sinclair, L.A., Garnsworthy, P.C., Newbold, J.R., and Buttery, P.J. (1993). Effect of synchronizing the rate of dietary energy and nitrogen release on rumen fermentation and microbial protein synthesis in sheep. J. Agric. Sci. (Camb)., 120:251-263.
Sinclair, L.A., Garnsworthy, P.C., Newbold, J.R., and Buttery, P.J. (1995). Effects of synchronizing the rate of dietary energy and nitrogen release in diets with a similar carbohydrate composition on rumen fermentation and microbial protein synthesis in sheep. J. Agric. Sci. (Camb)., 124:463-472.
Sinclair, K.D., Sinclair, L.A., and Robinson, J.J. (2000a). Nitrogen metabolism and fertility in cattle: In adaptive changes in intake and metabolism to diet differing in their rate of energy release in the rumen. J. Anim Sci., 78:2,659-2,669.
Sinclair, K.D., Kuran, M., Gebbie, F.E., Webb, R., and McEvoy, T.G. (2000b). Nitrogen metabolism and fertility in cattle: II Development of oocytes of nitrogen release in the rumen. J. Anim. Sci., 78:2, 670-2,680.
Sommart, K., Wanapat, M., Parker, D.S., and Rowlinson, P. (2000). Cassava chip as an energy source for lactating dairy cows fed rice straw. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 13:1,094-1,101.
Sonderman, J.P., and Larson, L.L. (1989). Effect of dietary protein and exogenous gonadothopin-releasing hormone and and performance of Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci., 72:2179-2183.
Sorensen, A.M., and Beverly, J.R. (2004). Southern regional beef cow / calf hand book: Determining pregnancy in cattle. Available from: http://www.ca.uky. edu/agc/pubs/asc/asc61/asc61.htm. Accessed date: Dec 16, 2004.
van Soest, P.J., Robertson, J.B. and Lewis, B.A. (1991). Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber and non-starch polysaccha polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci., 74:3,583-3,597.
Witt, M.W., Sinclair, L.A., Wikinson, R.G., and Buttery, P.J. (1999). The effects of synchronizing the rate of dietary energy and nitrogen supply to the rumen on the production and metabolism of sheep food characterization and growth and metabolism of ewe lambs given food ad libitum. Anim. Sci., 69:223-235.
