HIGH PINOCEMBRIN, PINOSTROBIN, AND PANDURATIN A WITH NOTABLE ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY IN FINGERROOT POWDER SOLD THROUGH ONLINE STORES
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55766/sujst11148Keywords:
Panduratin A, Pinocembrin, Pinostrobin, DPPH radicalAbstract
Fingerroot (Boesenbergia rotunda (L.) Mansf.) is a plant known for its effective antioxidant properties, attributed primarily to its flavonoid content. Despite its increasing availability as a powdered product sold through online platforms, information regarding its flavonoid content and antioxidant activity remains limited. This study presents the first comparative analysis of 40 commercial fingerroot powder products, focusing on the quantification of three major flavonoids - pinocembrin (PC), pinostrobin (PS), and panduratin A (PA) - and their antioxidant activity. High -performance liquid chromatography was employed to quantify PC, PS, and PA, while antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH radical scavenging assay. The results revealed that PS was the predominant flavonoid, with content ranging from 0.33% to 4.65% (mean: 2.88%; median: 3.06%). PC content ranged from 0.74% to 1.94% (mean: 1.27%; median: 1.25%), and PA content ranged from 0.04% to 1.48% (mean: 0.81%; median: 0.88%). The DPPH radical scavenging activity, expressed as percent inhibition, ranged from 60.67% to 77.37% (mean: 69.86%; median: 69.70%). Considerable variability in flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity was observed among samples. These results provide new benchmark data for evaluating the chemical quality of fingerroot powders available online and underscore their practical potential as functional food or dietary supplement ingredients with strong antioxidant efficacy.
References
Aqeel, M., Khalid, N., Noman, A., Ran, J., Manan, A., Hou, Q., Dong, L., Sun, Y., Deng, Y., Lee, S. S., Hu, W., & Deng, J. (2024). Interplay between edaphic and climatic factors unravels plant and microbial diversity along an altitudinal gradient. Environmental Research, 242, Article 117711. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.117711
Atun, S., Handayani, S., & Frindryani, L. F. (2017). Identification and antioxidant activity test of bioactive compound produced from ethanol extract of temukunci (Boesenbergia rotunda). AIP Conference Proceedings, 1868(1), Article 020007. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4995093
Daina, A., Michielin, O., & Zoete, V. (2017). SwissADME: A free web tool to evaluate pharmacokinetics, drug-likeness and medicinal chemistry friendliness of small molecules. Scientific Reports, 7(1), Article 42717. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep42717
Department of Medical Sciences Ministry of Public Health. (2022). Thai Herbal Pharmacopoeia 2021 (Supplementary 2022).
Doan, T. T. M., Tran, G. H., Nguyen, T. K., Kang, K. S., Lim, J. H., & Lee, S. (2024). Comparative antioxidant potentials and quantitative phenolic compounds profiles among the flowers and leaves from various Chrysanthemum morifolium cultivars. Pharmaceuticals, 17(3), Article 340. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17030340
Domínguez Díaz, L., Fernández-Ruiz, V., & Cámara, M. (2020). An international regulatory review of food health-related claims in functional food products labeling. Journal of Functional Foods, 68, Article 103896. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2020.103896
Duarte, P., Silva, S. C., Roza, A. S., & Dias, J. C. (2024). Enhancing consumer purchase intentions for sustainable packaging products: An in-depth analysis of key determinants and strategic insights. Sustainable Futures, 7, Article 100193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sftr.2024.100193
Elbatreek, M. H., Mahdi, I., Ouchari, W., Mahmoud, M. F., & Sobeh, M. (2023). Current advances on the therapeutic potential of pinocembrin: An updated review. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 157, Article 114032. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114032
Eng-Chong, T., Yean-Kee, L., Chin-Fei, C., Choon-Han, H., Sher-Ming, W., Li-Ping, C. T., Gen-Teck, F., Khalid, N., Abd Rahman, N., Karsani, S. A., Othman, S., Othman, R., & Yusof, R. (2012). Boesenbergia rotunda: From ethnomedicine to drug discovery. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2012, Article 473637. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/473637
Gamage, A., Gangahagedara, R., Gamage, J., Jayasinghe, N., Kodikara, N., Suraweera, P., & Merah, O. (2023). Role of organic farming for achieving sustainability in agriculture. Farming System, 1(1), Article 100005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.farsys.2023.100005
González, A. S., Soto Tellini, V. H., & Benjumea Gutiérrez, D. M. (2022). Study of the dermal anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and analgesic activity of pinostrobin. Heliyon, 8(9), Article e10413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10413
Hop, N. Q., & Son, N. T. (2023). Boesenbergia rotunda (L.) Mansf.: A review of phytochemistry, pharmacology, and pharmacokinetics. Current Organic Chemistry, 27(21), 1842-1856. https://doi.org/10.2174/0113852728278058231123094250
ICH Expert Working Group. (2022). ICH harmonised tripartite guideline: Validation of analytical procedures: Text and methodology Q2(R2). International Council for Harmonisation. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/ICH_Q2-R2_Document_Step2_Guideline_2022_0324.pdf
Intrasook, J., Tsusaka, T. W., & Anal, A. K. (2024). Trends and current food safety regulations and policies for functional foods and beverages containing botanicals. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 32(2), 112-139. https://doi.org/10.38212/2224-6614.3499
Jitvaropas, R., Saenthaweesuk, S., Somparn, N., Thuppia, A., Sireeratawong, S., & Phoolcharoen, W. (2012). Antioxidant, antimicrobial and wound healing activities of Boesenbergia rotunda. Natural Product Communications, 7(7), 909-912. https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X1200700727
Karimi, A., Krähmer, A., Herwig, N., Schulz, H., Hadian, J., & Meiners, T. (2020). Variation of secondary metabolite profile of Zataria multiflora Boiss. populations linked to geographic, climatic, and edaphic factors. Frontiers in Plant Science, 11, Article 969. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.00969
Kongratanapasert, T., Boonyarattanasoonthorn, T., Supannapan, K., Hongeng, S., & Khemawoot, P. (2024). Oral bioavailability, tissue distribution, metabolism, and excretion of panduratin A from Boesenbergia rotunda extract in healthy rats. Drug Design, Development and Therapy, 18, 2905-2917. https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S453847
Kongsui, R., Surapinit, S., Promsrisuk, T., & Thongrong, S. (2023). Pinostrobin from Boesenbergia rotunda attenuates oxidative stress and promotes functional recovery in rat model of sciatic nerve crush injury. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 56, Article e12578. https://doi.org/10.1590/1414-431X2023e12578
Li, Y., Kong, D., Fu, Y., Sussman, M. R., & Wu, H. (2020). The effect of developmental and environmental factors on secondary metabolites in medicinal plants. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 148, 80-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.01.006
Lotfi, K., Hazrati, S., Oraei, M., Faramarzi, A., & Ajali, J. (2024). Phytochemical variations in Stachys lavandulifolia populations and the role of ecological and edaphic factors. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 113, Article 104798. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2024.104798
Monton, C., Kulvanich, P., Chankana, N., Rangsimawong, W., Suksaeree, J., Charoenchai, L., & Theanphong, O. (2025). Cluster analysis of fingerroot cultivated in different regions across Thailand and implementation of Quality by Design approach for R&D of fingerroot extract tablet. Food Research International, 202, Article 115728. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2025.115728
Monton, C., Theanphong, O., Pathompak, P., Suksaeree, J., & Chankana, N. (2024). Curcuminoid contents in rhizomes of some Zingiberaceous plants sold via online platforms: Influence of species and cultivation location. International Journal of Food Science, 2024(1), Article 5929119. https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/5929119
Muharrami, L. K., Santoso, M., & Fatmawati, S. (2024). Chemical profiles, in silico pharmacokinetic and toxicity prediction of bioactive compounds from Boesenbergia rotunda. Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering, 10, Article 100992. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscee.2024.100992
Ongwisespaiboon, O., & Jiraungkoorskul, W. (2017). Fingerroot, Boesenbergia rotunda and its aphrodisiac activity. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 11(21), 27–30. https://doi.org/10.4103/phrev.phrev_50_16
Pacheco-Hernández, Y., Villa-Ruano, N., Lozoya-Gloria, E., Barrales-Cortés, C. A., Jiménez-Montejo, F. E., & Cruz-López, M. D. C. (2021). Influence of environmental factors on the genetic and chemical diversity of Brickellia veronicifolia populations growing in fragmented shrublands from Mexico. Plants, 10(2), Article 325. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10020325
Pant, P., Pandey, S., & Dall'Acqua, S. (2021). The influence of environmental conditions on secondary metabolites in medicinal plants: A literature review. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 18(11), Article e2100345. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.202100345
Rani, M., Kaushik, P., Bhayana, S., & Kapoor, S. (2023). Impact of organic farming on soil health and nutritional quality of crops. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 22(8), 560-569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2023.07.002
Saah, S., Siriwan, D., & Trisonthi, P. (2021). Biological activities of Boesenbergia rotunda parts and extracting solvents in promoting osteogenic differentiation of pre-osteoblasts. Food Bioscience, 41, Article 101011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101011
Sharifi-Rad, M., Anil Kumar, N. V., Zucca, P., Varoni, E. M., Dini, L., Panzarini, E., Rajkovic, J., Tsouh Fokou, P. V., Azzini, E., Peluso, I., Prakash Mishra, A., Nigam, M., El Rayess, Y., Beyrouthy, M. E., Polito, L., Iriti, M., Martins, N., Martorell, M., Docea, A. O., Sharifi-Rad, J. (2020). Lifestyle, oxidative stress, and antioxidants: Back and forth in the pathophysiology of chronic diseases. Frontiers in Physiology, 11, Article 694. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.00694
Sithisarn, P., Rojsanga, P., Sithisarn, P., & Kongkiatpaiboon, S. (2015). Antioxidant activity and antibacterial effects on clinical isolated Streptococcus suis and Staphylococcus intermedius of extracts from several parts of Cladogynos orientalis and their phytochemical screenings. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2015, Article 908242. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/908242
Spiegel, M. (2023). Theoretical insights into the oxidative stress-relieving properties of pinocembrin - An isolated flavonoid from honey and propolis. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 127(41), 8769-8779. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c03545
Srivastava, R. K., Purohit, S., Alam, E., & Islam, M. K. (2024). Advancements in soil management: Optimizing crop production through interdisciplinary approaches. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 18, Article 101528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2024.101528
Thongnuanjan, P., Soodvilai, S., Fongsupa, S., Chabang, N., Vivithanaporn, P., Tuchinda, P., & Soodvilai, S. (2021). Protective effect of panduratin A on cisplatin-induced apoptosis of human renal proximal tubular cells and acute kidney injury in mice. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 44(6), 830-837. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.b21-00036
Wilczyńska, A., & Żak, N. (2024). Polyphenols as the main compounds influencing the antioxidant effect of honey-A review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(19), Article 10606. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms251910606
Wunnakup, T., Charoenchai, L., Suksaeree, J., & Monton, C. (2025). Influence of cultivation duration on accumulation of pinocembrin, pinostrobin, and panduratin A and bioactivities in roots and rhizomes of Boesenbergia rotunda. Journal of Biologically Active Products from Nature, 15(3), 290-303. https://doi.org/10.1080/22311866.2025.2515542
Yang, X., Wang, X., Chen, X.-Y., Ji, H.-Y., Zhang, Y., & Liu, A.-J. (2018). Pinocembrin-lecithin complex: Characterization, solubilization, and antioxidant activities. Biomolecules, 8(2), Article 41. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom8020041
Zahra, M., Abrahamse, H., & George, B. P. (2024). Flavonoids: Antioxidant powerhouses and their role in nanomedicine. Antioxidants, 13(8), Article 922. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13080922
Zhao, L.-L., Jayeoye, T. J., Ashaolu, T. J., & Olatunji, O. J. (2023). Pinostrobin, a dietary bioflavonoid exerts antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic protective effects against methotrexate-induced ovarian toxicity in rats. Tissue and Cell, 85, Article 102254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tice.2023.102254
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Chaowalit Monton, Jirapornchai Suksaeree, Worranan Rangsimawong
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
