A STUDY ON EMISSION OF EQUIVALENT CARBON DIOXIDE BY PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE AND GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE
การศึกษาการปล่อยคาร์บอนไดออกไซด์เทียบเท่าโดยคอนกรีตซีเมนต์พอร์ตแลนด์และคอนกรีตจีโอโพลิเมอร์
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55766/sujst10364Keywords:
Carbon dioxide, Geopolymer, Cement concrete, Carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2-e)Abstract
Concrete for general construction uses ordinary Portland cement as a binder or uses geopolymers as a binder to activate the alkaline properties, which have the potential to significantly reduce emission of equivalent carbon of concrete. This paper presents the results of the assessment of the carbon footprint of ordinary concrete and geopolymers, including related energy activities, by evaluating the carbon dioxide (CO2-e) emissions from the raw material procurement to the production of ordinary concrete and geopolymer concrete using the life cycle assessment (LCA) method, Cradle to Gate or (Business to Business: B2B). The study found that: The emission value of the general concrete production of 1 cubic meter is equal to 331.45 kg.CO2-e/m3, from the raw material production process and transportation process amounting to 310.98 kg.CO2-e/m3 and 20.47 kg.CO2-e/m3, For 1 cubic meter of geopolymer concrete is equal to 266.37 kg.CO2-e/m3 and 32.41 kg.CO2-e/m3, from the raw material production process and transportation process. From the assessment to know the use of all resources to be worthwhile for maximum benefit, to help reduce the amount of greenhouse gases or carbon footprints sustainably.
References
Barbosa, V. F. F., & MacKenzie, K. J. D. (2003). Thermal behaviour of inorganic geopolymer sand composites derived from sodium polysialate. Materials Research Bulletin, 38, 319-331. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-5408(02)01022-X
Criado, M., Palomo, A., & Fernández-Jiménez, A. (2005). Alkali activation of fly ashes. Part 1: Effect of curing conditions on the carbonation of the reaction products. Fuel, 84(1), 2048-2054. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2005.03.030
Collins, F. (2010). Inclusion of carbonation during the life cycle of built and recycled concrete: Influence on their carbon footprint. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 15(6), 549-556.
Duxson, P., Fernandez-Jimenez, A., Provis, J. L., Lukey, G. C., Palomo, A., & van Deventer, J. S. J. (2007). Geopolymer technology: The current state of the art. Journal of Materials Science, 42, 2917-2933.
Flower, D. J. M., & Sanjayan, J. G. (2007). Greenhouse gas emissions due to concrete manufacture. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 12(5), 282–288. https://doi.org/10.1065/lca2007.05.327
Gartner, E. (2004). Industrially interesting approaches to "low-CO₂" cements. Cement and Concrete Research, 34(9), 1489-1498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.01.021
Habert, G., d’Espinose de Lacaillerie, J. B., Lanta, E., & Roussel, N. (2010). Environmental evaluation for cement substitution with geopolymers. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies, Ancona, Italy, 1-9.
Habert, G., d’Espinose de Lacaillerie, J. B., & Roussel, N. (2011). An environmental evaluation of geopolymer based concrete production: Reviewing current research trends. Journal of Cleaner Production, 19, 1229-1238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.02.003
Li, C., Gong, X., Cui, S., Wang, Z., Zheng, Y., & Chi, B. (2011). CO₂ emissions due to cement manufacture. Materials Science Forum, 685, 181-187. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.685.181
Meyer, C. (2009). The greening of the concrete industry. Cement and Concrete Composites, 31(8), 601-605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2008.12.010
McLellan, B. C., Williams, R. P., Lay, J., van Riessen, A., & Corder, G. D. (2011). Costs and carbon emissions for geopolymer pastes in comparison to ordinary Portland cement. Journal of Cleaner Production, 19(9-10), 1080-1090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.02.010
Morteza, N., Firdous, R., & Stephan, D. (2023). Life cycle assessment of alkali-activated materials: A systematic literature review. Low-Carbon Materials and Green Construction, 1, 1-24.
Peng, J., Huang, L., Zhao, Y., Chen, P., Zeng, L., & Zheng, W. (2013). Modeling of carbon dioxide measurement on cement plants. Advanced Materials Research, 610–613, 120–128. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.610-613.120
Phoo-ngernkham, T., Hanjitsuwan, S., Suksiripattanapong, C., Thumrongvut, J., Suebsuk, S., & Sookasem, S. (2016). Flexural strength of notched concrete beam filled with alkali-activated binders under different types of alkali solutions. Construction and Building Materials, 127, 673-678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.10.053
Palomo, A., Fernández-Jiménez, A., & Criado, M. (2004). Geopolymers: One only chemical basis, some different microstructures. Materiales de Construcción, 54(275), 77–91. https://doi.org/10.3989/mc.2004.v54.i275.227
Patel, V. I. (2013). Nonlinear inelastic analysis of concrete-filled steel tubular slender beam-columns [Doctoral dissertation, Victoria University, Australia].
Quddus T., Bhuiyan, M. A., Abunada, Z., Lemckert, C. & Giustozzi, F. (2025). Carbon footprint and uncertainties of geopolymer concrete production: A comprehensive life cycle assessment (LCA). C, 11(3), 55. https://doi.org/10.3390/c11030055
Scrivener, K. L., John, V. M., & Gartner, E. M. (2018). Eco-efficient cements: Potential economically viable solutions for a low-CO₂ cement-based materials industry. Cement and Concrete Research, 114, 2-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.03.015
Stengel, T., Reger, J., & Heinz, D. (2009). LCA of geopolymer concrete-What is the environmental benefit? Proceedings of Concrete 09, 24th Biennial Conference of the Australian Concrete Institute, Sydney, Concrete Institute of Australia, 54-62.
Turner, L. K., & Collins, F. G. (2013). Carbon dioxide equivalent (CO₂-e) emissions: A comparison between geopolymer and OPC cement concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 43, 125–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.01.023
Van Deventer, J. S. J., Provis, J. L., Duxson, P., & Brice, D. G. (2010). Chemical research and climate change as drivers in the commercial adoption of alkali activated materials. Waste and Biomass Valorization, 1, 145–155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-010-9015-9
Witherspoon, R., Wang, H., Aravinthan, T., & Omar, T. (2009). Energy and emission analysis of fly ash based geopolymers. Proceedings of the SSEE International Conference: Solutions for a Sustainable Planet, Melbourne, Society for Sustainability and Environmental Engineering, 1-11.
Xiaoshuang, S., Zhang, C., Liang, Y., Luo, J., Wang, X., Feng, Y., Li, Y., Wang, Qingyuan, and Abomohra, Abd El-Fatah. (2021). Life cycle assessment and impact correlation analysis of fly ash geopolymer concrete. Materials, 14(23), 7375. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14237375
Xu, H., & van Deventer, J. S. J. (2000). The geopolymerisation of alumino-silicate minerals. International Journal of Mineral Processing, 59(3), 247-266. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-7516(99)00074-5








