Modeling of an Adaptive HHO Gas Controller Based on Fuzzy Logic and Polynomial Function Controls to Improve Engine Torque of Gasoline Engine

Raden Agustinus Suwodjo; Zulkifilie bin Ibrahim

doi:10.59796/jcst.V14N3.2024.72

Authors

Raden Agustinus Suwodjo Faculty of Electrical Technology and Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Melaka 76100, Malaysia & Department of Electrical Engineering, Universitas Nasional, Jakarta 12520, Indonesia
Zulkifilie bin Ibrahim Faculty of Electrical Technology and Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Melaka 76100, Malaysia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.59796/jcst.V14N3.2024.72

Keywords:

adaptive HHO, AFR, commanded AFR, fuzzy logic, gasoline engine, MAF, polynomial function

Abstract

Typical hydrogen-hydrogen-oxygen gas (HHO) usage to improve gasoline engine performance refers to the fixed HHO flow rate method, providing 0.25‒0.5 liters/minute of HHO for every 1000 cc engine size. However, the arising hypothesis expresses that the fixed HHO flow rate method does not optimally improve engine torque for various loads. The research objective is to propose an adaptive HHO gas controller that manages the HHO generator to produce an appropriate HHO flow rate for engine operation by adapting to load and engine speed variations. Hence, the engine torque improvement optimally occurs for various loads. The adaptive HHO controller combines fuzzy logic and polynomial function controls involving real-time engine data, such as mass airflow (MAF), air-fuel ratio (AFR), and the commanded AFR from the engine control unit (ECU), whose values vary with load and engine speed. A system simulation based on Matlab-Simulink investigates engine performance improvement due to the controller. The results show that the adaptive HHO flow rate due to the proposed adaptive HHO controller improves engine torque during small, medium, and big-loaded engine operations, respectively, by 1.5%‒4.7%, 6.8%‒26.8%, and 21.1%‒72.8% depending on engine speed 2500 rpm‒4000 rpm) and the commanded AFR (12.6‒15.4). Conversely, under the same condition, the fixed HHO flow rate with 0.75 liters/minute HHO for a 1500 cc engine, used for comparison, improves the engine torque by 0%‒0.6%, 0.3%‒14.2%, and 9.3%‒50.1%, respectively. The data show that the adaptive HHO controller provides better improvement. Moreover, the adaptive HHO controller improves engine thermal efficiency and reduces AFR error against the commanded AFR.

Author Biography

Zulkifilie bin Ibrahim, Faculty of Electrical Technology and Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Melaka 76100, Malaysia

Prof. Dr. Zulkifilie bin Ibrahim

Position:

Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Academic and International) / Professor of Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM).

drzulkifilie@utem.edu.my

Qualification:
Ph.D (Power Electronics & Control), Liverpool John Moores University
B.Eng. (Electrical Engineering), UTM

Specialization:
Power Electronics, Electric Motor Drives, Fuzzy Logic, Embedded Control Design & Application

References

Abdullah, M. Y. (2015). Analysis the Using of HHO Related with Fuel Motor Performance [Master thesis]. Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia.

Aghahasani, M., Gharehghani, A., Mahmoudzadeh Andwari, A., Mikulski, M., Pesyridis, A., Megaritis, T., & Könnö, J. (2022). Numerical Study on Hydrogen-Gasoline Dual-Fuel Spark Ignition Engine. Processes, 10(11), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10112249

Baltacıoğlu, M. K. (2019). A Novel Application of Pulse Width Modulation Technique on Hydroxy Gas Production. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 44(20), 9726–9734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.10.228

Bai, Y. (2013). Studies on SI engine simulation and air/fuel ratio control systems design [Doctoral dissertation]. Brunel University School of Engineering and Design, London.

Bogdan, D., Marek, W., Jozinkiewicz, D., Zakrzewski, S., Kaczmarek, M., Binkowski, D., ... & Krzysztof, S. (2023). Research of Dynamic Phenomena in a Model Engine Stand. Open Engineering, 13(1), Article 20220436. https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2022-0436

Conker, C. (2019). A novel fuzzy logic based safe operation oriented control technique for driving HHO dry cell systems based on PWM duty cycle. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 44(20), 9718–9725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.10.243

Conker, C., & Baltacioglu, M. K. (2020). Fuzzy Self-Adaptive PID Control Technique for Driving HHO Dry Cell Systems. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 45(49), 26059–26069. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.01.136

El Soly, A. K., Gad, M. S., & El Kady, M. A. (2023). Experimental Comparison of Oxyhydrogen Production Rate Using Different Designs of Electrolyzers. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 48(93), 36254–36270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.06.022

Elsemary, I. M. M., Attia, A. A. A., Elnagar, K. H., & Elsaleh, M. S. (2017). Spark timing effect on performance of gasoline engine fueled with mixture of hydrogen–gasoline. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 42(52), 30813–30820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.10.125

Gad, M. S., El-Shafay, A. S., Ağbulut, Ü., & Panchal, H. (2024). Impact of produced oxyhydrogen gas (HHO) from dry cell electrolyzer on spark ignition engine characteristics. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 49, 553–563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.08.210

Gambou, F., Guilbert, D., Zasadzinski, M., & Rafaralahy, H. (2022). A Comprehensive Survey of Alkaline Electrolyzer Modeling: Electrical Domain and Specific Electrolyte Conductivity. Energies, 15(9), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15093452

Huang, H. (2023). PI Control Technology Principal Analysis and Simulation. Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology, 71, 104–111. https://doi.org/10.54097/hset.v71i.12676

Karn, S. K., & Demiroglu, N. (2023). A Theoretical Study on Energy of a Gaseous System Vis-a-Vis Mass and Temperature. Journal of Electronics Cooling and Thermal Control, 12(01), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.4236/jectc.2023.121001

Khajepour, A., Fallah, S., & Goodarzi, A. (2014). Electric and Hybrid Vehicles - Technologies, Modeling and Control: A Mechatronic Approach. In John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: Vol. Chapter 1 (First Edit). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-2926-5_1

Kultsum, U., Soumi, A. I., Baharudin, A., & Manunggal, P. D. (2024). Performance Assessment of Spark-Ignition Engine Combined with an HHO Generator. Engineering Proceedings, 63(3), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024063003

Lim, J. H., Hou, J., Chun, J., Lee, R. D., Yun, J., Jung, J., & Lee, C. H. (2022). Importance of Hydroxide Ion Conductivity Measurement for Alkaline Water Electrolysis Membranes. Membranes, 12(6), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes12060556

Madyira, D. M., & Harding, W. G. (2014, January 14-16). Effect of HHO on four stroke petrol engine performance [Conference presentation]. 9th South African Conference on Computational and Applied Mechanics, South Africa. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/54204275.pdf

Marefatjouikilevaee, H., Auger, F., & Olivier, J. C. (2023). Static and Dynamic Electrical Models of Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolysers: A Comprehensive Review. Energies, 16(18), 1–36. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16186503

Musmar, S. A., & Al-Rousan, A. A. (2011). Effect of HHO gas on combustion emissions in gasoline engines. Fuel, 90(10), 3066-3070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2011.05.013

Muthu, V. S. S., Osman, S. A., & Osman, S. A. (2022). A Review of the Effects of Plate Configurations and Electrolyte Strength on Production of Brown Gas Using Dry Cell Oxyhydrogen Generator. Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences, 99(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.99.1.18

Na, J., Chen, A. S., Huang, Y., Agarwal, A., Lewis, A., Herrmann, G., Burke, R., & Brace, C. (2021). Air-Fuel Ratio Control of Spark Ignition Engines with Unknown System Dynamics Estimator: Theory and Experiments. IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, 29(2), 786–793. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2019.2951125

Nabil, T. (2019). Efficient Use of Oxy-hydrogen Gas (HHO) in Vehicle Engines. Journal Europeen Des Systemes Automatises, 52(1), 87–96. https://doi.org/10.18280/jesa.520112

Namitha, S., & Shantharama, R. (2013). Fuzzy Logic Controller for the Speed Control of an IC Engine using Matlab Simulink. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE), 2(2), 124–127.

Newborough, M., & Cooley, G. (2021). Green Hydrogen: The Only Oxygen and Water Balanced Fuel. Fuel Cells Bulletin, 2021(3), 16–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1464-2859(21)00169-3

Niroula, S., Chaudhary, C., Subedi, A., & Thapa, B. S. (2023). Parametric Modelling and Optimization of Alkaline Electrolyzer for the Production of Green Hydrogen. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 1279(1), 012005. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1279/1/012005

Ridhuan, A., Osman, S. A., Fawzi, M., Alimin, A. J., & Osman, S. A. (2021). A Review of Comparative Study on The Effect of Hydroxyl Gas in Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) On Engine Performance and Exhaust Emission. Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences, 87(2), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.87.2.116

Ridhwan, A. M., Mansor, M. R., Tamaldin, N., Latief, F. H., & Repi, V. V. R. (2023). Effect of KOH Concentration on the Performance of HHO Generator at Varying Plate Surface Textures. Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences, 106(2), 116–128. https://doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.106.2.116128

Setiadi, H., Jones, K. O., Nugroho, T. A., Abdillah, M., Trilaksana, H., & Amrillah, T. (2021). Design of Spark Ignition Engine Speed Control Using Bat Algorithm. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 11(1), 794–801. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i1.pp794-801

Sudarmanta, B., Darsopuspito, S., & Sungkono, D. (2016). Application of Dry Cell HHO Gas Generator with Pulse Width Modulation on Sinjai Spark Ignition Engine Performance. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, 5(2), 105-112. https://doi.org/10.15623/ijret.2016.0502019

The MathWorks Inc. (2024). Engine Timing Model with Closed Loop Control. Retrived Febuary 2, 2024 from https://www.mathworks.com/help/simulink/slref/engine-timing-model-with-closed-loop-control.html

Yilmas, A. C. (2010). Design and Applications of Hydroxy (HHO) System [Master thesis]. Cukurova University - Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Adana, Turkeye. http://libratez.cu.edu.tr/tezler/7998.pdf