Suranaree Journal of Science and Technology

CORRELATION BETWEEN NORMAL AND ACCELERATED CURING STRENGTH OF CONCRETE MIXTURES

Shanmugasundaram Imran Khan, Sivapregassame Palani, Sivanandam Kodandaraman — Mon, 16 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Indian cement industries produce various types of cement. Among them, the most prevalently used general-purpose cements are ordinary Portland cement (OPC), Portland pozzolana cement (PPC), and Portland slag cements (PSC). Today modern construction and advanced construction techniques bring a sharp focus on the evaluation of strength parameters at an early age. This will enable quality control measures from time to time and in taking quick decisions on corrective measures. Prediction of the early age strength of concrete is essential, particularly for the manufacture of structural precast components. There are different methods available to predict the strength of concrete at an early stage. The scope investigation of the present correlation equation given in IS: 9013 was released in 1978, and is based on the age-old cement of Indian cement industries. Today the morphology of Indian cements has undergone a sea change with different chemical and mineralogical compositions. In the present investigation, the relation between the 28-day strength of normally cured concrete and accelerated cured concrete strength by boiling water techniques has been evaluated. Six ranges of water cement ratios have been used. The linear regression analysis has been carried out to establish the relationship between the actual 7-28 days strength with accelerated strength. A linear relationship has been found to fit very closely between the accelerated and the actual compressive strength of concrete made out of different brands and types of cement. In all the cases the coefficient of regression is found to be greater than 0.90. Further, a comparison has been made with the relation recommended by IS: 9013.

IMPROVEMENTS IN IMPEDANCE BANDWIDTH OF MICROSTRIP PLANAR DIPOLE ANTENNAS FOR DIGITAL TELEVISION SIGNAL RECEPTION USING SLOT TECHNIQUES

Pumipong Duangtang, Supawat Lawanwisut , Saran Kampeephat — Mon, 16 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This research investigates the enhancement of impedance bandwidth in a planar circuit microstrip dipole-type antenna for digital television (DTV) applications. The printed microstrip dipole-type antenna was designed with a center frequency of 650 MHz. We used slot techniques to increase the bandwidth. Through the investigation, it was discovered that the position and number of slots can effectively control the impedance of bandwidth. A bandwidth of 453 MHz, which supports the application for the digital TV range (470 MHz to 862 MHz), was achieved using 7 slots. Furthermore, this proposed approach provides the benefit of a broader and more well-matched impedance bandwidth. After applying slot to the planar dipole, the antenna achieved a bandwidth of 63.65%, ranging from 452 MHz to 905 MHz, covering the DTV application range while also expanding gain to approximately 1.13 dBi at the center frequency, with a gain ranging from 2.28 dBi up to 3.41 dBi compared with a conventional planar dipole antenna. The radiation efficiency was consistently greater than 65% across the antenna’s frequency band. Measurement results demonstrated good agreement with the corresponding simulation results, validating the broadband performance for application reception in the Digital TV range.

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF HIGH STABILITY SWITCH MODE POWER SUPPLY FOR REVERSE OSMOSIS WATER PURIFIER

Kaustubh Pise, Anandrao Kakade — Mon, 16 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Design and development of a switch-mode power supply tailored for reverse osmosis (RO) water purifiers is presented, delivering a regulated 24V, 2.5A DC output. A flyback converter topology was selected due to its compact size, inherent galvanic isolation, and suitability for medium-power applications. The system operates in Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM), ensuring steady energy transfer between the transformer’s windings, which reduces output ripple and enhances dynamic response under variable loads. The SMPS maintains voltage regulation within ±1.2% across a broad AC input range of 150V to 260V, addressing common variations in residential voltage. Efficiency exceeds 82% at nominal load, while output ripple remains below 60 mV-adequate for sensitive RO components, such as pumps, solenoids, and control modules. The initial prototype was built on a breadboard, followed by realization on a custom PCB optimized for electromagnetic interference mitigation and thermal performance. Integration with a domestic RO system confirmed the design’s reliability. Under prolonged operation, the power supply stabilized thermally at approximately 60°C without requiring active cooling. Cost-effectiveness, compactness, and electrical stability are key strengths of this design. The use of CCM flyback operation, precise feedback control, and robust filtering techniques contributes to efficient and reliable long-term performance. This implementation offers a practical and replicable approach for engineers developing SMPS units for low- to medium-power applications where space, efficiency, and stable output are critical.

LOW COST HOUSING: AN EFFECTIVE APPROACH WITH BAMBOO REINFORCED BEAM

Pranab Kumar Das, Mainak Mallik — Mon, 16 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Bamboo has been used as a construction material for centuries due to its renewable nature and versatility. Known for its sufficient strength and low weight (weight-to-strength ratio), bamboo is easy to work with using simple tools, making it an attractive alternative for sustainable building. With urban housing shortages worsening due to rising costs, exploring innovative construction technologies has become essential. Bamboo can be employed in both technical and non-technical applications, offering a potential solution. The construction industry is one of the largest consumers of energy and materials, highlighting the urgent need for sustainable development that meets present demands without compromising future generations. However, the widespread adoption of bamboo as a reinforcement material faces challenges, particularly the lack of comprehensive data on its interaction with concrete, as well as its long-term strength and durability. The present study area focused on the region of North East India, where the bamboos are sufficiently available. The study evaluates the feasibility of using bamboo as reinforcement in cement concrete structures. Through various tests and property analyses, bamboo-reinforced beams were compared with traditional steel-reinforced beams. Bamboo strips were treated with protective measures to enhance their strength, demonstrating their potential for use in low-cost, low-rise and also environment friendly housing construction.

HARMONIC COMPENSATION AND ACTIVE POWER INJECTION WITH PV AND BATTERY INTEGRATED PARALLEL ACTIVE POWER FILTER

Nuthulapati Rajesh Babu, Venu Gopala Rao Mannam, Srinivasa Rao Rayapudi — Mon, 16 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0700

In recent days, the harmonic distortion plays crucial power-quality issues which proliferates the distribution system and also worrying the power system engineers. These harmonics distortions are mostly injected into system by employing non-linear power-electronic loads in several domestic and industrial applications. In this regard, active power filters are found to have considerable interest at distribution system so as to maintain harmonic-free and also enhance distribution system stability. The shunt-Active Power Filter utilizes the single voltage-source inverter for compensation of harmonic currents in source current is maintained to be sinusoidal, linear and balanced in shape. But, the single VSI have some technical limitations over the dual-Voltage Source Inverter’s are connected as parallel to attain current sharing, low switch stress, reduced switching losses and maximizing the over-all efficiency, so on. In this work, the dual-VSIs based parallel connected APF has been proposed for reducing harmonic current distortions, power-quality enhancement in Power Quality-mode. It injects the active power by employing the solar and battery connected energy storage system under DG connected mode by using DG-SRF control algorithm. The performance of dual-VSIs based parallel connected APF is verified in both PQ and DG integrated modes by using Matlab/Simulink software tool, results are presented with comparisons

OPTIMIZATION OF DRILLING PARAMETERS TO REDUCE DELAMINATION IN ABACA-SISAL FIBER EPOXY COMPOSITES

Venkatasudhahar Murugesan, Dharmalingam Ganesan, Purusothaman Mani — Mon, 16 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Delamination became a prominent issue during the Computer Numerical Controlled Vertical Milling Machine (CNCVMM) drilling of natural hybrid composite materials. This study aims to investigate the influences of machining parameters such as drilling speed, feed and diameteron Abaca-Sisal fiber reinforced Epoxy Hybrid Composites (ASEHC) during drilling, with a focus on minimizing the delamination factor. Delamination occurrences were carefully examined using a profile projector at both the top and bottom of the drilled holes. Identifying of the optimal machining parameters is key for justifying delamination of ASEHC composites. Taguchi orthogonal array used in the present work. This method allows testing multiple parameters in a structured way without needing to run every possible combination. The key parameters examined in this work included Spindle Speeds 3000, 2000, and 1000 revolutions per minute (rpm), Feed Rates 30, 20, and 10 millimeters per minute (mm/min) and Drilling Diameters 12, 10, and 8 millimeters (mm).The Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) analysis were performed the surface morphology of the drilled holes. The optimized drilling process parameters were significantly reduced on the delamination of the ASEHC; Delamination was reduced by 94% under optimal parameters leading to a better performance and durability of the composites.

EVALUATION OF BACTERIAL CONCRETE FOR CO2 ARRESTATION USING WATER HYACINTH ASH AS SUSTAINABLE ADDITIVE

Mon, 16 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0700

India is the world's second-largest cement producer, is poised to benefit significantly from growth in construction and infrastructure. However, the cement industry contributes 8% of global carbon dioxide emissions, releasing nearly one tonne of greenhouse gases per tonne of cement. Nowadays, the government is taking a number of steps to reduce pollution emissions in an effort to lessen the negative environmental effects of the concrete sector. Promoting the manufacturing of "green concrete" is one of the most practical and scalable ways to lower CO₂ emissions in the cement sector. This study examines the use of water hyacinth ash (WHA) as a partial replacement for cement in concrete. The goal is to reduce greenhouse gases from cement production. The study replaces cement with WHA at levels of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% in the production of concrete pavers. Additionally, it investigates the integration of microbial cultures into the concrete mixture that self-heals cracks through calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) precipitation. This dual function of carbon capture and crack repair represents an innovative approach to sustainable building materials. Test results indicate that WHA is a stable and effective material that enhances concrete's mechanical properties, making it viable for construction. Using WHA as a substitute could significantly reduce the nation’s cement demand and lower the industry's carbon footprint.

USE OF WASTE GLASS IN CONCRETE AS A SUSTAINABLE AGGREGATE REPLACEMENT

Mon, 16 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Using recycled glass as a fine aggregate substitute in concrete offers a sustainable solution for reducing environmental impact and promoting resource efficiency. This study explores the effects of partially replacing fine aggregate with crushed waste glass at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% by weight. Workability, compressive strength, split tensile strength, and durability were evaluated at curing periods of 7, 28, and 90 days. Results indicate that replacements up to 15% improve compressive and tensile strength, attributed to the pozzolanic activity of the glass particles. Beyond 15%, a strength reduction occurs, likely due to increased void content and the potential causes include increased void content, weaker particle bonding, or alkali-silica reaction (ASR) a reaction between reactive silica in glass and cement alkalis that can cause cracking. The decline in strength was determined from compressive strength tests at different curing ages. Workability increased with higher glass content due to the smooth surface and low absorption of glass. Durability tests showed enhanced resistance to environmental factors within the optimal replacement range. An ANOVA analysis confirmed the statistical significance of strength variations across replacement levels. Overall, incorporating up to 15% crushed waste glass as a fine aggregate is an effective, eco-friendly approach that maintains concrete performance while supporting sustainable construction practices.

THE ROLE OF ADMIXTURES IN ENHANCING CONCRETE WORKABILITY AND STRENGTH AND MICROSTRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

Mon, 16 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This study investigates the use of fly ash, Calotropis gigantea milk, and superplasticizers to enhance concrete's properties while promoting sustainability. Fly ash, a coal combustion byproduct, was utilized as a partial cement replacement, with proportions ranging from 5% to 25%. The inclusion of Calotropis gigantea milk, a natural admixture, and superplasticizers further improved the concrete's workability, flowability, and compressive strength. Tests, including slump, L-box, J-ring, V-funnel, and U-box, evaluated fresh concrete properties, while compressive strength was assessed at 7, 14, and 28 days. The results identified optimal performance with a mix containing 15% fly ash, 3% Calotropis gigantea milk, and 2% superplasticizers. This combination achieved superior workability, enhanced flow characteristics, and a maximum compressive strength of 39.35 MPa at 28 days. The micro structural analysis shows the less pores in T12 mix compared to T1 and T9 mix. The findings demonstrate the viability of incorporating these materials for producing high-performance, eco-friendly concrete. Fly ash reduces cement usage and mitigates waste disposal issues, while Calotropis gigantea milk and superplasticizers optimize performance.

EVALUATING THE IMPACT OF EV INTEGRATION ON DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS USING A VOLTAGE, RELIABILITY, AND POWER LOSS FRAMEWORK

Mon, 16 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Electrical Vehicals have the potential to transform the energy sector, bringing with them advantages for sustainability and new chances for grid optimization. However, the stability, reliability, and effectiveness of distribution networks are also put at risk by this transformation. Therefore, it is crucial to perform thorough analysis of how EV integration may affect distribution networks. The vital importance of impact analyses for EV integration into distribution networks is highlighted in this paper. These evaluations are essential for comprehending and controlling the complex impacts of EV charging on the distribution system. The paper also highlights how impact evaluations help with effective infrastructure planning, improving the integration of renewable energy according to regulatory requirements, and making the most use of already existing assets. This paper examines how the EVs adoption affects distribution network based on three important parameters: voltage instability, power losses and reliability. The IEEE 33 bus test system for ten different scenarios is used for the whole investigation. Additionally, a method for placing EV charging stations on distribution networks based on the analysed grid parameters is proposed. The outcomes show that the VRP (Voltage, Reliability and Power loss) is effective to decide the optimize location for charging station.

ADAPTIVE DIGITAL TWIN SYSTEM FOR CEMENT PRODUCTION OPTIMIZATION USING MARKOV CHAIN-BASED REACTION RATE MODELLING

Fri, 01 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Cement manufacturing remains one of the most energy - intensive and carbon - intensive industrial activities, largely because legacy control systems cannot accommodate the highly dynamic, multi - stage nature of clinker formation. This study proposes an Adaptive Digital Twin (ADT) framework that fuses real - time plant data with a Markov Chain - based reaction‑rate model to predict, and proactively steer, chemical transformations inside the kiln. The twin ingests high - frequency sensor streams, updates a time - varying state - space representation of material flows, and couples it with stochastic state - transition matrices calibrated from historical process logs. A reinforcement - learning controller then adjusts fuel injection, air flow, and feed ratios on the fly. The architecture has been given as a prototype design for two plants (Holcim, Switzerland; Fujian Ansha Jianfu, China) and benchmarked against their incumbent PID - driven systems. Over a three - month evaluation horizon, the ADT cut specific thermal energy consumption by 12%, lifted overall throughput by 8%, suppressed quality variability by an order of magnitude, and trimmed unplanned downtime by 25%. Sensitivity analysis confirms that the Markov component - by capturing probabilistic shifts between pre - heating, calcination, clinkering, and cooling states - accounts for more than half of the observed efficiency gain. Beyond delivering immediate cost and emissions benefits, the work demonstrates a transferable blueprint for merging stochastic reaction modelling with cyber - physical twins in other process industries. This research contributes to the field by demonstrating how Markov Chain - Based modeling can enhance industrial process optimization through digital twin frameworks, providing a scalable solution for sustainable cement production.

ECO - FRIENDLY PAVEMENT BLOCKS USING PLASTIC - BASED AGGREGATE ALTERNATIVES

Tezna Singh , Sharad Dadhich, Devesh Jaysawal — Tue, 05 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Permeable pavements are gaining popularity as an innovative solution to mitigate urban stormwater runoff and reduce the environmental impact of traditional impermeable pavements. This study examines the viability of producing permeable pavement blocks by partially substituting plastic aggregate with conventional coarse aggregate. The study employs a rigorous experimental methodology that encompasses material characterization, mechanical testing, permeability evaluations, and environmental impact assessments. Plastic aggregates are used to partially replace coarse aggregates at varying replacement levels of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% by weight, to evaluate their influence on the mechanical strength and durability of the permeable pavement blocks. Additionally, the hydraulic conductivity of the modified blocks is measured under controlled conditions to determine their effectiveness in managing stormwater runoff. Results demonstrate that the incorporation of plastic aggregates maintains structural integrity while significantly improving water permeability, offering potential benefits for stormwater management and urban flood mitigation, considering factors such as reduced carbon emissions and decreased landfill waste. This study further integrates a Technology Readiness Level (TRL) assessment, highlighting the current developmental stage of this technology and its potential for real-world implementation. The findings from this research contribute to the ongoing efforts to develop sustainable construction practices by reducing the dependence on traditional coarse aggregates and promoting the recycling of plastic waste. This paper provides valuable insights into the potential applications of plastic aggregate in permeable pavement construction and emphasizes the importance of environmentally responsible urban infrastructure development.

ENHANCEMENT OF CONCRETE COLUMN STRENGTH USING E-GLASS/EPOXY COMPOSITE LAMINATES

Achmad Jusuf Zulfikar, Mohd Yuhazri Yaakob — Tue, 05 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This study explores the effectiveness of E-glass/epoxy composite laminates in enhancing the compressive strength of cylindrical concrete columns (CCCs). The research was driven by the need to develop more efficient, lightweight, and cost-effective reinforcement alternatives to conventional materials. To achieve this, cylindrical concrete specimens were fabricated in accordance with ASTM C39 standards and reinforced with one to five layers of E-glass/epoxy laminates using the vacuum bagging method. Compressive strength tests revealed that the application of E-glass/epoxy laminates markedly improved the load-bearing capacity of the columns, supported by statistical analysis including the Shapiro-Wilk test, Levene’s test, and ANOVA to ensure the reliability and significance of the results. The findings reveal that specimens wrapped with five layers of E-glass achieved the highest compressive strength, reaching 30.44 MPa-representing a 52% increase compared to unwrapped control specimens. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to investigate interfacial adhesion and damage patterns, revealing intact laminar structures and superior bonding characteristics. The study confirms that E-glass/epoxy laminates significantly enhance the structural integrity and load-bearing capacity of CCCs. These outcomes not only validate the potential of E-glass composites in structural rehabilitation but also contribute to the advancement of sustainable, high-performance materials in modern civil infrastructure applications. These findings highlight the practical potential of E-glass/epoxy laminates as a cost-effective and sustainable solution for strengthening and rehabilitating concrete infrastructure, thereby supporting the development of safer and longer-lasting civil engineering structures.

RISK ANALYSIS OF THE AMANAH CENTER BUILDING CONSTRUCTION PROJECT USING THE BOWTIE METHOD

Hafnidar A. Rani, Rahimi A. Rahman, Muhammad Zakki — Tue, 05 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Building construction projects face uncertainties that may affect time, cost, and quality goals. This study aims to identify, categorize, and analyze the dominant risks in the Amanah Center Building Project in Ladong Village, Aceh Besar, using the Bowtie method. The Amanah Center is a large-scale project with a total area of 14,646 m², which is susceptible to various risks. The risk factors analyzed include labor risks, contractual risks, design and technology risks, execution risks, material and equipment risks, and force majeure risks. Data were collected through interviews and surveys with project stakeholders, and risks were assessed using a probability-impact matrix on a 1-5 Likert scale. The results show that design changes represent the highest risk factor, with a mean value of 3.19, indicating frequent occurrence. The probability impact matrix further reveals that design and technology risks, particularly design changes, pose a moderate-risk level (score 9.19), which in practice may cause delays of up to two weeks and cost increases of around 10% of affected activities. The Bowtie analysis identifies two key top events: (1) design and technology risks, leading to delays and rework, mitigated through design review and schedule adjustments; and (2) material and equipment risks, associated with poor material quality and price escalation, mitigated through supplier diversification and procurement planning. This study not only provides valuable insights into project risk management but also offers practical recommendations for project managers, emphasizing stricter design review processes and more resilient procurement strategies.

EFFICIENCY COMPARISON OF POLLINATION METHODS IN DURIAN (DURIO ZIBETHINUS) CULTIVATION

Tue, 05 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Durian (Durio zibethinus) requires cross-pollination for optimal fruit set, yet natural pollination rates remain below 10% due to declining pollinator populations. This study evaluates the efficiency and economic feasibility of mechanized pollination methods, focusing on their impact on fruit set and quality. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) was implemented in a commercial Mon Thong durian orchard to compare four pollination treatments, namely natural pollination (control), hand pollination, drone-assisted pollination using a DJI Agras T20P operated at an altitude of 7-8 meters above the canopy and air blower-assisted pollination using a KAWA BL5202 positioned 30-50 cm from the flowers. Each treatment was applied to 50 female flowers per tree under controlled conditions to assess fruit set and operational costs. Results showed that drone-assisted pollination achieved a 75% fruit set rate, surpassing air blower pollination (63%), hand pollination (58%), and natural pollination (9%). Economic analysis indicated that drone-assisted pollination reduced labor costs by 40% compared to hand pollination while maintaining comparable fruit quality in terms of size, weight, and seed abortion rates. Statistical analysis confirmed significant differences among methods (p < 0.05), with regression analysis demonstrating a strong correlation between pollination efficiency and yield profitability. To further optimize drone-assisted pollination, future studies should integrate Pollen Tracking Camera Systems for real-time pollen dispersion monitoring, Anemometer Sensors to adjust airflow based on wind conditions and sugar-based pollen adhesives to enhance pollen adhesion and fertilization efficiency. These innovations could refine drone-based pollination, ensuring higher consistency and maximizing fruit set in commercial durian production.

MANUFACTURING OF ACACIA NILOTICA LEAVES EXTRACT INCORPORATED CHITOSAN BEAD FOR POTENTIAL BIOACTIVITIES

ahmed haroun, Ragab Masoud, Sayed ElToumy, Hanan Farouk, Sara Mansour — Tue, 05 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Acacia nilotica, a medicinal plant with a rich historical context in traditional medicine, is noteworthy for its extensive application in the field of medicinal manufacturing. It is imperative to conduct a comparative analysis of the extract post-loading onto biopolymer versus its crude form. This study aimed to scrutinize the effects of A. nilotica leaves extract on the physicochemical properties and various biological characteristics of chitosan beads. The incorporation of the extract into chitosan beads was achieved using the calcium chloride ionic gelation method. The resulting beads, characterized by distinct chitosan/extract ratios (1:2, 1:3, and 1:4 w/w respectively), underwent characterization through Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis, particle size distribution evaluation via Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The in vitro antimicrobial efficacy was rigorously assessed against bacterial strains, including Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, as well as the fungal pathogen Candida albicans, utilizing the agar diffusion assay. The investigation further evaluated the diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and acetylcholinesterase inhibition (AChE) activities under in vitro conditions. The beads demonstrated a particle size of 1299 d.nm, with a Polydispersity Index (PdI) of 0.58, in contrast to the crude extract which presented a size of 771 d.nm and a PdI of 0.31. TEM analysis indicated a predominantly spherical morphology and distinctly aggregated particles with well-defined peripheries. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis conducted over various incubation time intervals confirmed the strong adhesion of the loaded extract to the chitosan matrix. The beads exhibited notable antimicrobial and antioxidant capacities along with significant AChE activities at higher concentrations. This investigation elucidates the prospective benefits of synergistically incorporating A. nilotica extract into chitosan for applications in health and food packaging.

ENHANCING INTERLAMINAR SHEAR STRENGTH (ILSS) OF WOVEN FABRIC HYBRID POLYMERIC NANOCOMPOSITES BY INCORPORATING MULTI WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES

Suhas Uthale, Sandip Mane, Dattaji Shinde — Tue, 05 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

In this work, multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with weight percentage of 0.1% and 0.2% were incorporated in the epoxy polymer resin to form epoxy nanocomposites. The investigation of the effect of MWCNTs on the mechanical behavior of epoxy nanocomposite was carried out. The hybrid composite containing Glass/Carbon/Basalt fibers with MWCNT modified epoxy nanocomposite were fabricated using vacuum assisted resin transfer molding method (VARTM) and tested for its interlaminar shear strength according to ASTM standards. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) technique was used to evaluate the dispersion of MWCNTs in polymer epoxy. Moreover, effect of fiber orientation on the interlaminar shear strength of the hybrid nanocomposites was investigated. The addition of 0.1 wt% of MWCNTs enhanced the interlaminar shear or short beam strength by 10% and by 5% with 0.2 wt% of MWCNTs. The aim of this research work is to find the effect of MWCNTs on mechanical properties of modified epoxy nanocomposites laminates, exclusively for airplane and automobile structural applications.

THE EG-LINDLEY DISTRIBUTION: A FLEXIBLE MODEL FOR NON-COMMUNICABLE AND CHRONIC DISEASE SURVIVAL ANALYSIS

Tue, 12 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This study introduces and evaluates the EG-Lindley (EG-L) distribution as a flexible model for analyzing survival data. The EG-L distribution is shown to capture a wide range of hazard rate behaviors - including increasing, decreasing, and bathtub-shaped patterns, making it highly adaptable to biomedical and reliability data analysis. A comprehensive analysis of the statistical properties of the EG-L distribution is presented, including the probability density function, cumulative distribution function, survival function, and hazard function, supported by detailed graphical interpretations. To assess the empirical performance of the EG-L distribution, three real-world datasets were analyzed: (1) bladder cancer patient survival times, (2) acute bone cancer survival data, and (3) head and neck cancer cases treated with radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The proposed model was compared with several existing generalizations of the Lindley distribution - namely, the New Generalized Two-Parameter Lindley Distribution, and the four other Generalized Lindley Distributions. Model performance was evaluated using goodness-of-fit criteria, including the -2log-likelihood, Akaike Information Criterion, Bayesian Information Criterion, Hannan–Quinn Information Criterion, and the Corrected Akaike Information Criterion. Across all datasets, the EG-L distribution consistently achieved the best or most competitive fit, as evidenced by the lowest information criteria values. These results underscore the robustness and adaptability of the EG-L distribution in capturing complex survival patterns and support its application as a valuable tool in the analysis of time-to-event data in clinical and epidemiological research.

ENHANCED COMBUSTION AND GASIFICATION OF BIOMASS VIA LOW-TEMPERATURE PRESSURIZED AIR OXIDATION

Janewit Wannapeera, Pansa Liplap, Supachita Krekkaiwan, Thipsuphin Hinsui — Tue, 12 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This study investigated the combustion and gasification behaviors of biomass enhanced through a low - temperature pressurized air oxidation process - an approach developed by the authors. Rice straw (RS) and its upgraded form (Upgraded RS), treated at 250°C under pressures of 0.1 and 1.0 MPa, were assessed. The Upgraded RS exhibited significantly altered combustion and gasification behaviors compared to raw RS. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed a notably faster char combustion rate, although this rate slightly decreased with increasing treatment pressure. Under CO₂ gasification, the yield of fuel gas - particularly CO - was higher for the Upgraded RS and increased with pressure. Kinetic parameters calculated using the global kinetic model indicated lower activation energies for the Upgraded RS, suggesting enhanced thermal reactivity. An increase in surface area from 1.16 to 17.02 m²/g due to treatment pressure may partly explain the accelerated reaction rates. These findings underscore the potential of pressurized air oxidation as an effective biomass upgrading method for thermochemical applications.

WATER-ABSORBENT MATERIALS FROM PINEAPPLE STEM STARCH AND NATURAL FIBER AGRICULTURAL WASTES

Tue, 12 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This study investigates the fabrication of biodegradable water-absorbent materials using pineapple stem starch (PS) in combination with plasticizers and agricultural fiber waste. Glycerol and polyethylene glycol were applied as plasticizers to enhance flexibility and water uptake. Agricultural fibers - namely hemp core, pineapple leaf non-fibrous material (NFM), and whole grain leaf (WGL) - were blended with PS and additives (carboxymethyl cellulose and sodium alginate) and processed via twin-screw extrusion. The resultant composites exhibited water absorption capacities ranging from 100% to 400% after 5-24 hours of immersion. WGL-based materials showed superior water uptake compared to hemp and NFM. The addition of 5 wt% CMC and SA marginally improved water absorption and pellet cohesion. These biodegradable composites show promise as eco-friendly alternatives for use in domestic cat litter applications.

BEHAVIOUR OF EISENIA FETIDA VERMICOMPOST ON SOIL-BASED MEDIA MICROBIAL FUEL CELL PERFORMANCE

Tue, 12 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

The integration of sustainable energy generation with efficient organic waste management offers a compelling opportunity through the application of microbial fuel cell (MFC) technologies. This study explored the enhancement of performance in soil-based MFCs through the utilisation of vermicompost sourced from Eisenia fetida, aiming to boost bioelectricity generation. Three configurations were assessed: a control (black soil), a compost-enhanced MFC (WMFC), and a vermicompost-integrated MFC (VMFC), with regular organic waste feeding conducted over a 50-days duration. The analysis focused on electrical outputs, soil pH dynamics, surface morphology of copper anodes, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The findings indicated that VMFC demonstrated exceptional performance, reaching a peak voltage of 0.80 V, a current density of 10.764 mA/m² and a power density of 5.056 mW/ . This success can be linked to increased microbial activity and effective electron transfer, which were supported by the decomposition of substrates mediated by earthworms. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging revealed significant biofilm formation on VMFC anodes, whereas EIS demonstrated minimal charge transfer resistance. The results highlighted the combined impact of vermiculture and microbial groups in enhancing MFC efficiency, presenting a scalable approach for bioenergy production and the value addition of organic waste in sustainable environmental systems.

SYNTHESIS OF ZEOLITES FROM SILICA GEL WASTE FOR CARBON DIOXIDE ADSORPTION

Fri, 27 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Growing volumes of solid waste from industrial and agricultural sources continue to raise environmental concerns. One such waste stream is silica gel, frequently used in packaging and typically discarded, despite its high silica content. In this study, discarded silica gel was employed as a silica source for the synthesis of sodium-form zeolites, namely NaA, NaX, and NaY. The resulting materials were assessed for their performance in carbon dioxide adsorption. Crystalline zeolite phases were successfully formed, with CO₂ uptake capacities of 4.10, 5.84, and 4.39 mmol/g for NaA, NaX, and NaY, respectively. These synthesized zeolites showed adsorption properties on par with those of commercially available analogues. The findings support the transformation of silica gel waste into effective, affordable, and sustainable materials for CO₂ capture applications.

ENHANCING GAMMA-RAY SHIELDING EFFICIENCY OF ERBIUM OXIDE DOPED GERMANATE GLASS: A STUDY USING FLUKA AND XCOM PROGRAMS

Nuanthip Wantana, Chalermpon Mutuwong, Wuttichai Chaiphaksa — Tue, 12 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Gamma (γ)-ray shielding materials are essential for reducing γ-ray exposure to safe levels for human safety. This study analyzed the γ-ray shielding characteristics of xEr₂O₃ (x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 mol%) doped germanate glass utilizing FLUKA Monte Carlo simulations and XCOM theoretical programs across the energy range of 15 keV to 15 MeV. The parameters examined include mass (µm) attenuation coefficients, mean free path (MFP), half value layer (HVL), effective atomic number (Z_eff), and effective electron density (N_eff). The γ-ray shielding performance of the present glasses was assessed relative to standard shielding materials.

SENSORY AND NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION OF FONIO-MUNG BEAN FOOD PRODUCTS

Mon, 06 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This study evaluated the nutritional and sensory properties of a fonio-mung bean products developed by enriching white fonio (Digitaria exilis) with mungbean (Vigna radiata) flours. Seven blends were formulated by varying ratios of fonio and mungbean flours. The products were assessed for proximate composition, selected mineral and vitamin contents, as well as sensory attributes, following standard methods. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and one-way ANOVA at p ≤ 0.05. Significant difference in energy, proximate, mineral and vitamin contents were observed in the fonio-mung bean blends. Blend FM1 had the highest energy content while A2 exhibited the highest proximate composition. Also, highest mineral and vitamin contents were recorded in blend A2 and FM1/FM4 respectively. However, blend A2 recorded the highest levels of antinutrients (phytate and tannin). Sensory evaluation results indicated that FM2 was the most preferred blend, whereas FM1 had the lowest acceptability. The incorporation of mung bean flour into fonio flour significantly enhanced its nutritional profile and sensory appeal. These findings highlight the potential of fonio-mung bean food products as a nutritious alternative to conventional breakfast cereals, with promising benefits for improving dietary protein and micronutrient intake. Further research is recommended to assess the shelf life of the product.

A STUDY ON EMISSION OF EQUIVALENT CARBON DIOXIDE BY PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE AND GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE

Piyanuch Jaikeaw, Suppachai Sinthaworn — Mon, 06 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Concrete for general construction uses ordinary Portland cement as a binder or uses geopolymers as a binder to activate the alkaline properties, which have the potential to significantly reduce emission of equivalent carbon of concrete. This paper presents the results of the assessment of the carbon footprint of ordinary concrete and geopolymers, including related energy activities, by evaluating the carbon dioxide (CO₂-e) emissions from the raw material procurement to the production of ordinary concrete and geopolymer concrete using the life cycle assessment (LCA) method, Cradle to Gate or (Business to Business: B2B). The study found that: The emission value of the general concrete production of 1 cubic meter is equal to 331.45 kg.CO₂-e/m³, from the raw material production process and transportation process amounting to 310.98 kg.CO₂-e/m³ and 20.47 kg.CO₂-e/m³, For 1 cubic meter of geopolymer concrete is equal to 266.37 kg.CO₂-e/m³ and 32.41 kg.CO₂-e/m³, from the raw material production process and transportation process. From the assessment to know the use of all resources to be worthwhile for maximum benefit, to help reduce the amount of greenhouse gases or carbon footprints sustainably.

APPLICATION OF MIXTURE DESIGN TO ENHANCE FLAVONOID CONTENT AND IDENTIFY SECONDARY METABOLITES IN PORTULACA OLERACEA L.

Raihan Permana Putra, Syarifah Iis Aisyah, Waras Nurcholis — Wed, 25 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Flavonoids are secondary plant metabolites with numerous pharmacological benefits. However, selecting an appropriate extraction solvent is crucial for effectively extracting flavonoids from plants. Portulaca oleracea L., a wild plant rich in flavonoids, offers significant potential for development through solvent extraction techniques. Therefore, this study aims to enhance the total flavonoid content (TFC) of P. oleracea extracts using a simplex centroid mixture design (SCMD) and to identify the secondary metabolites present. SCMD was formulated using Design Expert v.13 software. Various extraction solvents, including water, acetone, methanol, and ethanol, served as independent variables, while the response variable was the TFC, measured through the AlCl3 colorimetric method. LC-HR/MS analysis was performed to identify the secondary metabolites of the optimal extract. The results showed that an acetone–ethanol mixture produced the highest TFC (2.07 mg QE/g DW), but not significantly different from 100% methanol (1.95 mg QE/g DW) and acetone-methanol (1.88 mg QE/g DW) combinations. A linear model (p < 0.05) was generated from these response formulations. The optimal extraction solvent formula identified was a 50:50 acetone-methanol mixture, with a desirability value of 0.81. Model validation confirmed the reliability of this formula (RSE < 10%). Additionally, the P. oleracea extract showed significant antioxidant capacity, with reducing power against ABTS radicals (21.16 μmol TE/g DW), Fe³⁺ (12.33 μmol TE/g DW), and Cu²⁺ (38.57 μmol TE/g DW). Secondary metabolite analysis also showed the presence of 9 phenols, 8 flavonoids, 5 alkaloids, 5 indoles, and 3 quinolines. These results provide a valuable reference for further studies on the extraction of flavonoid from P. oleracea.

CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF COCONUT SHELL EXTRACT

Sailee Gund, Sonali Dhamal — Wed, 04 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0700

India is a country with a vast range of trees and medicinal plants, which vary depending on the environment and geographic location. However, their potential uses in biomedical and other fields have been overlooked due to the lack of applicability analyses, appropriate and targeted development, and compositional analyses. Coconut and cashew plants are cultivated on approximately 2.14 million hectares of land in India, producing 11.7 million tons of agricultural material annually. Certain byproducts derived from these plants have antifungal and antibacterial properties, which could offer a natural solution for situations where chemical components are required. Fungal infections are more common in humid, hot weather, and these plant byproducts can be used as an antibacterial gel or oil for medical purposes. To extract these elements and achieve the required purity while preserving their properties, an appropriate system must be established. Because microbial illnesses are becoming more common, especially in tropical regions, these agro-waste products provide a biocompatible and sustainable substitute for synthetic antibacterial drugs. This study examines the compositional features, method of extraction, and antibacterial activity of derivatives from coconut shells. The creation of standardized pharmaceutical formulations is prioritized in order to maximize therapeutic potential while maintaining bioactivity. The results point out how these natural byproducts can be used to make biomedical goods that are safe, environmentally friendly, and efficient.

MODERNIZING A THAI TRADITIONAL REMEDY: IN VITRO-EX VIVO AND BIOACTIVITY PERFORMANCE OF CLOTRIMAZOLE-EMBEDDED IN SITU FORMING PAINT

Mon, 09 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0700

“Ya-Pai,” a traditional Thai powdered medicine applied as an oral paint, presents application challenges and has seen limited formulation development. This study aims to modernize Ya-Pai by developing it into an advanced dosage form, an in situ forming system, for the treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC). Clotrimazole-embedded in situ forming paints (ISPs) were developed using lauric acid and palmitic acid as ISP formers for the treatment of OPC. Their formation of matrix layer, transformation at interface, buccal mucosa permeation, and antifungal activities investigated to prove the concept. The formulation with a high concentration of ISP former (F2) demonstrated superior matrix formation and a rapid transition at the interface within 0.5 minutes, along with slower matrix growth compared to other formulations (5 minutes). In contrast, the formulation with a low concentration of ISP former (F1) exhibited faster drug permeation through the buccal mucosa and a lower percentage of drug remaining in the buccal mucosa (28.64 ± 2.80 % and 20.27 ± 1.27 % for F2 and F1, respectively). The drug permeation rates of F1 and F2 were 4.0363%/hour^1/2 and 3.492%/hour^1/2, respectively, following Higuchi’s model. The antifungal test using the agar diffusion method demonstrated that the prepared ISPs effectively inhibited the growth of Candida albicans (32.3 ± 0.6 and 29.3 ± 1.2 mm for F1 and F2, respectively) and others. Thereby, the developed clotrimazole-embedded ISP shows a promising concept as a modernized Ya-Pai for the OPC treatment. However, further study such as in vivo efficacy, mucosal safety, and pharmacokinetic evaluation should be conducted.

COMPARATIVE EFFICACY OF NEURAL GLIDING VERSUS TENSIONING NEURODYNAMICS ON MEDIAN NERVE EXTENSIBILITY IN ASYMPTOMATIC FLOOR CLEANERS: A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL

Anshul Rathore, Aarti Gupta, Vinika Chaudhary — Mon, 09 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Repetitive upper limb activities commonly encountered in occupational settings can predispose individuals to peripheral nerve dysfunctions. Among these, floor cleaners are particularly at risk due to constant wrist and hand usage, which can lead to early, asymptomatic median nerve alterations. The purpose of this study is to detect early neural alterations in asymptomatic floor cleaners using the Upper Limb Tension Test (ULTT) and to compare the effects of neural gliding and tensioning techniques on median nerve extensibility. A randomized controlled trial was conducted on 94 asymptomatic floor cleaners aged 25-40 years at SGT University’s Physiotherapy OPD. Participants were randomly assigned to either a neural tensioning group or a neural gliding group (n = 47 per group). Each group received three supervised intervention sessions per week over four weeks. Outcome measures included elbow extension range of motion (ROM) during ULTT, grip and pinch strength, pain pressure threshold (PPT), and two-point discrimination (2PD). Both groups showed statistically significant improvements across all measured parameters post-intervention (p < 0.05). However, no significant differences were observed between the groups, indicating that both techniques yielded comparable outcomes. ULTT proves useful in identifying subclinical neural changes in individuals at occupational risk. Neural gliding and tensioning techniques were equally effective in enhancing median nerve extensibility, suggesting their suitability for preventive strategies in workplace physiotherapy.

EFFECT OF HIIT AND MICT ON CARDIOVASCULAR INDICES IN WOMEN WITH PCOS

Vandana Sharma, Anushree Rai, Siddhartha Sen — Mon, 16 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Polycystic ovary syndrome is one of the most prevalent endocrine dysfunction affecting women in their reproductive age. Women with PCOS are at a higher risk of cardiovascular complications due to central adiposity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and alterations in cardiovascular autonomic function. Exercise Interventions such as High and Moderate intensity training can help in enhancing cardiovascular health and effectively mitigating the metabolic and vascular dysfunction seen in PCOS. An extensive Literature search was performed through five databases namely PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Science direct and PeDro (from 2010 to 2024) using the appropriate keywords. Study selection followed the PRISMA flow diagram, and data extraction and quality assessment were performed independently by two authors. The Cochrane Risk of Bias tool was used for evaluating risk of bias for RCTs , PeDro and Newcastle-Ottawa Scale were used for quality assessment of RCTs and Non-RCTs respectively. This review included nine studies.Cohen’s d and Hedges’ g were used in order to calculate effect size of all the outcome measures. Results indicated that VO₂ max was considerably increased by both interventions, with HIIT being more effective in improving the maximal aerobic capacity. In contrast, MICT was more effective in enhancing endothelial function which was measured by Flow-mediated dilation. The study concluded that MICT efficiently improves vascular function whereas HIIT seems to offer more advantages in improving maximal aerobic capacity. More research in this field is needed to determine the best exercise strategy for enhancing cardiovascular health in PCOS women.