Suranaree Journal of Science and Technology

ENHANCED EQUUS FERUS PRZEWALSKII OPTIMIZATION AND ADVANCED OSTEOLAEMUS SEARCH ALGORITHM

2025-04-25T13:25:11+07:00

We apply the enhanced Equus Ferus Przewalskii optimization (EEPO) algorithm and the advanced Osteolaemus search optimization (AOSO) algorithm to solve true power loss reduction problems. Equus Ferus Przewalskii tends to pursue and run in its environment. As a result, the adult Equus Ferus Przewalskii and steeds adopt an arbitrary course. At that juncture, a vibrant inertia weight approach is presented to the oasis, and the results will be valuable to poise the exploration and exploitation. The Equus Ferus Przewalskii optimization algorithm is combined with the Anarchias seychellensis and Peacock hind’s teamwork-based optimization algorithm to improve the exploration ability of the process. The Osteolaemus search optimization algorithm imitates the two key phases of Osteolaemus behavior-ringing and stalking. Osteolaemus have flawless nocturnal vision and are primarily nocturnal stalkers. Osteolaemus employ the paleness of victim animals for their sustenance. Osteolaemus are ensnaring slayers, searching for nearby fish or terrestrial animals before proceeding to their next meal. Osteolaemus can track prey over short distances, even out of aquatic conditions. Osteolaemus have double passages in the course of the ringing; tall marching and tummy marching. The osteolaemus search optimization algorithm has assimilated the advanced features of the cryptoprocta search optimization algorithm. This assimilation will upgrade the exploitation competence of the process substantially. The Enhanced Equus Ferus Przewalskii optimization (EEPO) algorithm and the advanced Osteolaemus search optimization (AOSO) algorithm have been tested successfully on 7 standard functions, as well as the IEEE 30, 57, and 118 bus systems, and the Grid 220 kV system.

AN EFFICIENT HOMOMORPHIC ENCRYPTION AND PUF AUTHENTICATION WITH SWO-QBFT CONSENSUS ALGORITHM FOR SECURE SMART GRID INFRASTRUCTURE

2025-05-15T09:20:16+07:00

Smart grid is an advanced electrical infrastructure that incorporates communication and information technologies to enable power firms and consumers to exchange data in bidirectional. However, there are serious security risks associated with relying on an unsecured open network. To overcome the drawbacks, an efficient HEAAN-PUF based IoT device authentication with SWO-QBFT for smart grid infrastructure has been proposed. Initially IoT device is registered and authenticated using Physical Unclonable Function (PUF) authentication, which provides a unique response for each device with an Interplanetary File System (IPFS). Homomorphic Encryption for Arithmetic of Approximate Numbers (HEAAN) cryptography algorithm was then utilized to generate the key for encrypting the data and stored in IPFS. Blockchain based on consensus algorithm as Spider Wasp Optimization (SWO) with Quorum Byzantine Fault Tolerance Protocol (SWO-QBFT) utilized to choose the best validators for secure data transmission and stored an IPFS hash address. Performance metrics-based analysis and comparison of the proposed HEAAN-OQBFT technique with existing approaches are conducted. Performance metrics like encryption and decryption times, key and block generation times, throughput, Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), and Packet Loss (PL) are acquired in order to determine the performance of the proposed method. Time required for Block creation, encryption, decryption, and key generation takes up 0.19 ms, 0.013 ms, 0.023 ms and 0.93 ms with is 497 Kbps throughput, 1% packet loss, and 99% PDR. The metrics therefore clearly show that the proposed method successfully stores and secures smart grid data by integrating OQBFT with an effective HEAAN cryptography.

STRUCTURAL STABILITY AND SUBSTITUENT EFFECTS ON THE PHOTOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THIOANISOLE EXPLORED BY EXCITED-STATE DYNAMIC SIMULATIONS

2025-06-04T14:11:56+07:00

The photophysical properties of thioanisole (SCH₃) and its derivatives as a representative system for investigating aryl sulfides were explored by TD-DFT using the B3LYP functional. Thioanisole appears in a variety of chemical applications due to its structural and reactive properties such as in dyes, drugs, and materials. Our investigations focus on the structural, photophysical, and dynamic properties influenced by substituents (F and Cl) on absorption and emission spectra. The electronic transition mainly corresponds to S₀→S₂ (π→σ*) with excitation energies of 5.11 eV and 5.02 eV for SCH₃F and SCH₃Cl, respectively. The dynamic simulations on the first-excited state provide additional insights that complement those obtained from static calculations. The fluorescence spectrum of SCH₃F typically shows a blue shift, while the fluorescence spectrum of SCH₃Cl displays a red shift compared to SCH₃. These findings indicate that the inductive effect plays a crucial role in structural stability, particularly influencing internal conversion during the dynamics, which may lead to a reduced fluorescence intensity.

IMPROVEMENT OF INVENTORY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM: CHEMICAL RAW MATERIALS FOR HEALTHCARE AND PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS MANUFACTURER

2025-06-23T13:30:04+07:00

This research presents a case study examining the optimization of the inventory management system for a manufacturer of healthcare and personal care products within the fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) industry. The study's objective is to enhance the inventory management process by employing the VED-FSN-SDE classification approach to prioritize and categorize items within an analytical framework. Following this classification, inventory management policies were established using the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) model and the Silver-Meal heuristic method. The findings indicate that for the EFE category, where the variability coefficient (VC) was less than 0.2, the EOQ model was appropriate, resulting in a 27.42% reduction in annual inventory costs. For the DFD category, characterized by a VC greater than 0.2, the Silver-Meal heuristic method was applied, leading to a 35.99% reduction in inventory costs. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of the applied models in achieving significant cost savings and improved inventory efficiency. The practical implications of this study suggest that adopting tailored classification and control techniques can enable managers to optimize inventory levels, reduce costs, and enhance overall supply chain performance in the competitive healthcare and personal care products industry.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON WORKABILITY, MECHANICAL AND MICROSTRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SELF-COMPACTING CONCRETE CONTAINING COLLOIDAL NANO SILICA

2025-07-04T16:09:57+07:00

Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is voluminously utilized in building construction due to its distinct design. This work depicts the effect of colloidal nano-silica (NS) of size 5-40nm with an active nano solids content of 32% on SCC of grade 30 containing Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS) and Ordinary Portland Cement as binders in addition to NS. The liquid content of 68% in NS was added to the water content in the mix. The ratios of NS were evaluated at 0%,0.5%,1%,1.5%, 2% and GGBFS as 20% by weight of binder in concrete. The water to binder ratio was 0.38 with a water and binder content of 201kg/m³ and 528.95 kg/m³ respectively. The optimum mix was 1.5% NS as per the slump and compressive strength at 28 days. The slump was reduced with a rise in NS beyond 1.5% due to the accumulation of NS particles causing the reduction in flowability. The density of SCC for all the mixes was satisfactory. The compressive strength of optimum SCC, M-1.5NS20G was increased by 11.71%, 8.58% and 17.45% at 7, 28 and 91 days respectively to that of the reference mix whereas its split tensile strength was risen by 43.40%, 23.11% and 9.51% and flexural strength was risen by 26.28%, 15.17% and 6.29% to that of the reference mix at aforementioned durations respectively. The microstructural studies on the optimum hardened SCC mix at 28 days revealed the presence of calcium silicate hydrate compounds of different crystalline structures and portlandite.

FACTORS AFFECTING FIELD SETTLEMENT EVALUATION OF PREFABRICATED VERTICAL DRAINS PERFORMANCE IN SOFT BANGKOK CLAY BY ASAOKA AND HYPERBOLIC METHODS

2025-06-04T15:04:52+07:00

The study highlights the importance of these factors in field settlement evaluation and back-calculating the horizontal drainage consolidation coefficient in Bangkok clay. Longer evaluation periods induce higher ultimate settlement and lower consolidation degrees with the Asaoka method, while the Hyperbolic method predicts constant values. The coefficient of consolidation in horizontal drainage back-analyzed by the Asaoka method decreases with longer evaluation periods but is similar to CRS-R at the final stress level. Both methods’ predicted settlement versus time curves agree well with field curves, especially for longer evaluation periods. Therefore, the paper recommends adopting the settlement versus time curves predicted by both methods for their simplicity and proficiency in practice. These findings provide valuable insights for evaluating the degree of consolidation and improving soft clay using prefabricated vertical drains, especially in areas with similar soil conditions.

EVALUATION OF ANTICANCER POTENTIAL OF EPIPREMNUM AUREUM: AN IN-VITRO AND IN-SILICO APPROACH

2024-11-12T10:00:56+07:00

The use of phytochemicals in cancer therapeutics is an approach that has gained significant attention in recent years. Several plants commonly found in the environment have been observed to possess secondary metabolites with medicinal properties. This study aims to examine the anticancer activity of the methanolic extract of Epipremnum aureum (MEEA), a well-known ornamental vine. The constituents of the extract have been identified by the use of biochemical tests, as well as Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry. The extract has been shown to exhibit a cytotoxic effect against the HCT-116 cell line, with an IC₅₀ value of 35.7 μg/mL. Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulation (MDS) conducted against the Yes-associated protein (YAP) using the constituents of E. aureum as ligands showed that Hexadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl ester (HE) and Octadecanoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester (OE) may be able to inhibit the interaction of YAP with TEA DNA-binding domain protein (TEAD) of the Hippo pathway, and hence prevent cell proliferation.

EFFECT OF U-TURNS ON CAPACITY OF MEDIAN OPENINGS ON MULTILANE URBAN ROADS

2025-06-20T08:18:11+07:00

Midblock median openings with U-turn provisions are commonly used in urban India to improve accessibility and reduce intersection conflicts. However, their capacity estimation under mixed traffic conditions remains complex. This study evaluates the applicability of the gap acceptance model and proposes an empirical approach to estimate U-turn capacity on multilane urban roads. Field data were collected from two locations in Hyderabad and Kurnool, and critical gap and follow-up time were estimated using Siegloch’s method. A linear empirical model was developed and validated using 61 observations collected from additional locations. A VISSIM simulation model was also calibrated for further analysis. The critical gap and follow-up time were found to be 4.33 and 2.50 seconds, lower than TRB 2010 values, indicating aggressive driver behavior. The empirical model performed well (R² = 0.86; MAPE = 8.91%). At 2000 pcu/hr, gap acceptance and empirical models predicted capacities of 408 and 552 pcu/hr, respectively. Sensitivity analysis with β ranging from 0.71 to 0.73 showed significant changes in output, highlighting the need for local calibration. The findings offer practical insights for traffic engineers and planners to enhance the design and performance of U-turn facilities in heterogeneous traffic conditions.

BALANCING POTATO YIELD, QUALITY, AND PROFITABILITY THROUGH OPTIMAL NITROGEN FERTILIZATION IN VARIABLE SOIL FERTILITY FIELDS

2025-07-15T09:43:40+07:00

The relationship between different nitrogen (N) rates and their effects on potato yields and quality under various soil fertility conditions determines the best approach to maximize production while maintaining soil health. This research evaluated how different N application rates affect potato while determining the highest net profit and benefit-cost ratio in potato cultivation across multiple soil fertility conditions through testing ten N rates from 0 to 405 kg/ha. The increase in N fertilizer rates led to increased potato yields and dry matter production but the returns diminished after reaching a certain point. The increase of N levels in the soil resulted in increased plant height, leaf area index (LAI), soluble protein, and reducing sugar content in potato tubers but starch content decreased. The highest potato yields of 32,784 kg/ha occurred in fields with high soil fertility when applying 197 kg/ha of N fertilizer but low fertility fields reached only 9,117 kg/ha with 319 kg/ha of N application. The highest yield did not always lead to the greatest net profit because the optimal N rates were 193 kg/ha and 302 kg/ha which produced yield prices of $11,799/ha and $3,274/ha respectively. The research demonstrates that initial soil fertility directly affects potato production outcomes and quality while showing that N management strategies need to be adapted to soil types for maximum profitability.

HYDROLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF USING RECYCLED ASPHALT PAVEMENT AND WASTE-BASED REJUVENATORS IN SUSTAINABLE INFRASTRUCTURE

2025-05-02T08:44:01+07:00

The depletion of natural resources has accelerated the demand for sustainable solutions in urban infrastructure, especially concerning hydrological impacts. This study explores the influence of Recycled Asphalt Pavement (RAP), in combination with rejuvenators such as Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) and Waste Engine Oil (WEO), on surface runoff and water infiltration behavior in urban environments. Aimed at restoring aged bituminous binder properties, the research involves comprehensive physical, chemical, and rheological analyses to ensure pavement durability while enhancing hydrological performance. Experimental findings show that WCO significantly improves the rheological and physical characteristics of aged asphalt binders, enhancing flexibility and reducing surface impermeability. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) confirms chemical compatibility between VG 30 bitumen and the rejuvenators, ensuring effective binder blending. Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) tests indicate that aging increases stiffness, as evidenced by a higher complex shear modulus and lower phase angles. However, WCO rejuvenation effectively reverses this, achieving a peak shear stress of 120 kPa at 10% strain, outperforming the 80 kPa at 5% strain for WEO-modified RAP. Hydrological assessments reveal that RAP mixtures with 4% WCO improve infiltration rates by 12–15% and reduce surface runoff by approximately 10% compared to conventional pavements. These outcomes underscore the dual benefits of RAP and WCO in sustainable pavement design-enhancing structural performance while supporting urban stormwater management. The study establishes a clear linkage between environmentally conscious pavement technologies and improved urban hydrology, promoting the adoption of RAP-based pavements in climate-resilient infrastructure planning.

DEVELOPMENT OF Dy3+-DOPED BORO-TELLURITE THERMOLUMINESCENCE GLASSES FOR ENHANCED RADIATION DOSIMETRY APPLICATIONS

2025-05-30T08:09:07+07:00

This study presents the development of boro-tellurite glasses doped with varying concentrations of Dy₂O₃ (0.0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mol%) using a conventional melt-quenching technique, targeting advanced thermoluminescence materials for radiation detection. Structural characterization via X-ray diffraction confirmed the amorphous nature of all samples, while comprehensive optical investigations-including UV-Vis-NIR absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopy-revealed distinct intra-4f electronic transitions of Dy³⁺ ions. The incorporation of Dy₂O₃ not only altered the optical absorption and emission characteristics (exhibiting prominent blue and yellow bands) but also significantly modified the glass network, influencing density, molar volume, and the formation of defect-related electron traps. Thermoluminescence measurements, performed under controlled irradiation with an Am-241 source at a dose of 1 mGy and a heating rate of 5°C/s, exhibited a well-defined glow peak whose intensity and activation energy were strongly dependent on the Dy concentration. An optimal performance was observed at 1.0 mol% Dy₂O₃, where the activation energy peaked at 1.17 eV, indicative of deep and stable traps favorable for dosimeter applications. These results demonstrate that precise control of Dy₂O₃ doping in boro-tellurite glasses can significantly enhance their performance, making them promising candidates for reliable radiation dosimetry in medical.

ASSESSMENT OF NATIVE AND WILD PIG LOCAL PRODUCTION SYSTEM IN WESTERN LEYTE, PHILIPPINES

2025-04-21T15:59:51+07:00

The Philippine Native Pig (Sus scrofa domesticus L.) is an important component of rural livelihoods in the Philippines because of its adaptability, disease resilience, and minimal resource requirements. This study assessed the native and wild pig production system in Western Leyte, focusing on the raisers background, production systems, and economic viability. A structured interview survey method was utilized for the twenty-three (23) native and four (4) wild pig raisers. The result showed middle-aged married males with varying educational backgrounds predominantly undertake pig raising. The study also revealed that native pigs were tethered and fed on locally available resources like rice bran and foraged materials, reducing feeding costs and enhancing sustainability. Native pigs are a good fit for low-input farming systems because of their excellent piglet survival rates and great mothering ability. Because native pigs have a high market value for their flesh, native pig farming is a financially feasible source of additional income. These pigs have a big cultural impact on customs and celebrations that strengthen a community’s identity and legacy. This study suggests encouraging native pig farming through focused interventions, educational activities, and market development plans that can improve rural livelihoods, maintain customs, and aid in the region's sustainable agricultural growth.

APPLICATION OF CASCADE TI-TID CONTROLLER IN A TWO-AREA RENEWABLE INTEGRATED AGC SYSTEM USING BSA ALGORITHM

2025-07-15T10:18:17+07:00

This study marks the first effort to optimize controller parameters for Automatic Generation Control (AGC) using the Bird Swarm Optimization (BSA) algorithm, a novel metaheuristic technique. A secondary cascade controller, TI-TID, is introduced for a two-area AGC system. Simulation outcomes reveal that the TI-TID controller surpasses conventional PI and PID controllers by achieving better settling time, peak overshoot, and peak undershoot. The integration of Solar Thermal Power Plant Systems (STPPS) and a High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) link significantly improves system dynamics. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis under different loading conditions confirms the sturdiness of the projected controller, which consistently maintains stable dynamic behavior despite variations in load. Further, studies with automatic voltage regulator (AVR) loops over AGC reveal improved dynamics.

STUDY ON X-RAY SHIELDING PROPERTIES IN DIAGNOSTICS REGION OF RICE FLOUR DOPED WITH BARIUM SULFATE

2024-10-24T10:11:58+07:00

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the X-ray radiation shielding properties of rice flour doped with barium sulfate (BaSO₄) at concentrations of 0%, 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% by weight. The experimental technique involved X-ray exposure at 50–120 kVp, 100 mA, and 2 seconds. Results indicate that increasing BaSO₄ content increases the linear attenuation coefficient (LAC), while the half value layer (HVL), tenth-value layer (TVL), and mean free path (MFP) decrease. At 20% BaSO₄, the HVL values of the doped rice flour are comparable to X-ray windows and thyroid shields and superior to commercial windows, red bricks, and concrete. Therefore, rice flour doped with BaSO₄ has potential as an alternative radiation shielding material in diagnostic regions in the future.

ANALYSIS AND MITIGATION OF DELAY RISKS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE CENTRAL SURGICAL INSTALLATION BUILDING USING THE HOUSE OF RISK METHOD

2025-06-10T14:43:59+07:00

One of the ongoing construction projects in Banda Aceh City is the Central Surgical Installation Building at Meuraxa Regional General Hospital. However, based on contractor observations, this project has experienced delays beyond the planned schedule. This study identifies the factors contributing to these delays using the House of Risk (HOR) method and explores mitigation strategies. The research involved a questionnaire survey with 20 respondents, which included contractors and supervising consultants. The study examined six key delay factors: planning and scheduling (E1), work documents (E2), control systems (E3), resource readiness (E4), financial delays (E5), and material delays (E6). The HOR Phase 1 analysis identified three primary risk agents: inaccurate project specifications (A1) with an ARP value of 180, slow administrative processes (A2) with 128, and unreliable cost estimation (A3) with 108, all contributing significantly to project delays. In HOR Phase 2, five mitigation strategies were proposed, including improving communication with the project owner (PA1), expediting administrative processes (PA2), developing a detailed cost estimation framework (PA3), optimizing material procurement and supplier coordination (PA4), and allocating additional workforce and equipment (PA5). These actions aim to minimize risks and enhance project efficiency. By implementing these mitigation strategies, construction delays can be effectively reduced, ensuring timely project completion. This study highlights the importance of structured risk management in construction projects and provides valuable insights for contractors, project managers, and policymakers.

NOVEL HYBRID ASIATIC CHEETAH - GOBI BEAR OPTIMIZATION AND INTEGRATED HAMERKOP - ZEUGODACUS FULVOABDOMINALIS ALGORITHM FOR POWER LOSS DIMINUTION AND VOLTAGE STABILITY ENLARGEMENT

2025-07-09T08:46:54+07:00

The Asiatic cheetah optimization algorithm is grounded on the besieged stalking approach of the Asiatic cheetah, which comprises an order of activities: probing for prey, patiently waiting for the accurate instant to attack, rapidly initiating the attack, receding from the prey, and coming back to the habitat. Numerous intellectual activities of the Gobi bear, such as tracking the cluster, detecting food sources, and navigating the terrain, are considered in the design. Gobi bear utilizes lever odour marking and snuffling activities in the habitant. In the unique method of passaging by Gobi bears, there will be repeated odour marking, confirming earlier marked prints. The Asiatic cheetah optimization algorithm is hybridized with the Gobi bear optimization algorithm. Hamerkop enactment and approach in the course of pestering is an intelligent method, and this habit has been imitated to model the procedure. In Zeugodacus fulvoabdominalis, owing to their very tremendous sightedness and conjoint compassionate deeds Zeugodacus fulvoabdominalis will discover the sustenance deprived of exertion. Hamerkop optimization algorithm integrated with Zeugodacus fulvoabdominalis optimization algorithm. The Hybrid Asiatic Cheetah - Gobi Bear Optimization (HACGB) algorithm and the Integrated Hamerkop - Zeugodacus fulvoabdominalis Optimization (IHZFO) algorithm are substantiated using seven benchmark functions and the IEEE 30 and 57 bus systems.

IDENTIFYING THE HAZARDOUS LOCATIONS USING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM NETWORK ANALYSIS: A CASE STUDY OF BUENG KAN PROVINCE, THAILAND

2025-06-23T13:21:53+07:00

This study aims to identify high - crash - risk locations on local roads in Bueng Kan province, Thailand, using Geographic Information System (GIS) - based spatial analysis. Despite being Thailand’s newest and one of its least populated provinces, Bueng Kan consistently reports one of the highest fatality rates per capita, highlighting the urgency of evidence-based road safety planning. The study employed Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) to detect spatial concentrations of road crashes and a Chi-square test to assess whether crash severity proportions differed significantly across districts. Crash data from 2018 to 2020 were collected, georeferenced using linear referencing techniques, and analyzed in ArcMap. KDE was applied to generate crash density surfaces. The KDE results revealed spatially distinct crash hotspots in five districts, with Seka district showing the highest crash density despite Mueang Bueng Kan recording the highest number of incidents. This underscores the importance of considering spatial overlap-not just frequency-in identifying hazardous areas. Chi-square test found no statistically significant difference in the proportion of fatal versus non-fatal crashes among districts (p = 0.403), suggesting that crash severity is spatially uniform. This supports the need for province-wide interventions rather than district-specific responses. The integrated use of KDE and statistical testing provides a robust analytical framework for supporting local traffic safety strategies. Recommendations include incorporating exposure data and advanced modeling techniques in future studies to improve risk prediction and policy development.

STUDIES ON THE THERMAL PROPERTIES, LYCOPENE AND ΒETA-CAROTENE CONTENTS OF PUMPKIN FRUIT FLOUR

2025-06-10T10:09:17+07:00

The pumpkin plant (Cucurbita pepo) is a vital crop that has potential to significantly contribute to food sustainability, particularly in Nigeria and other tropical countries. Its rich carotenoids and essential nutrients often decrease during processing, underscoring the need for further exploration in this field. This study then examined the effects of pretreatment techniques (blanching and brining), and drying methods (oven and sun-drying), on the preservation of lycopene and beta carotene in pumpkin fruit flour, and to determine its thermal properties that would enhance its usage during food formulation. All investigations were carried out using standard procedures. The results showed that the blanched samples exhibited a lower phase transition temperature range (370-375°C) than the control (unblanched) samples (330-395°C). Brined samples had the highest phase transition temperature ranges (395-410°C). For sun-drying (and oven drying), the densities, thermal conductivities, heat transfer coefficients, specific heat capacities and thermal diffusivities of the control (unblanched), blanched and brined samples are 1.0186 (1.10143)g/ml, 0.5905(0.5918)g/ml, 0.4764 (0.70646)g/ml; 0.0461(0.0527)W/mK, 0.0307(0.0307)W/mK, 0.3687(0.1844)W/mK; 3.8409(4.3896)W/m².K, 2.5606(2.5606)W/m². K, 30.7272 (15.3636)W/m². K; 0.0061(0.0061)J/kg.°C, 0.0054(0.0067)J/kg.°C, 0.0739(0.0232)J/kg.°C; and 7.3745 (8.5389)m²/s, 9.7033(7.7626)m²/s, 10.4796(11.2558)m²/s respectively. The lycopene and beta-carotenoids content after sun-drying (and oven drying) for control (unblanched), blanched and brined samples are: 10.32(9.72)mg/100g, 9.73(9.95)mg/100g, 10.64(10.18)mg/100g and 34.13(41.68)mg/100g, 37.25(37.47)mg/100g, 32.78(39.58)mg/100g respectively. Controlled oven drying retained more lycopene and beta carotene than sun drying, and blanching had no significant effect on beta carotene levels.

MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF HYDROGEN-POWERED BICYCLE ELECTRIFICATION

2025-06-09T14:37:27+07:00

Mathematical modeling plays an essential role in investigating the behavior, design, and analysis of power systems. This article proposes a time-invariant mathematical model of the power system of a hydrogen-powered electric bicycle. The proposed mathematical model is derived using the generalized state-space averaging method. The proposed model is validated through computer-based simulation using MATLAB/SIMULINK. The system responses obtained using the proposed model agree well with the simulation results under both transient and steady-state conditions. Furthermore, the proposed mathematical model significantly reduces the computation time compared with direct simulation. Thus, the proposed model is both accurate and efficient. The proposed averaging model is also suitable for artificial intelligence applications requiring iterative searching due to its fast computational time.