Journal of Current Science and Technology

High-rate Deposition of Crystalline TiHfN Ultra-thin Films by Closed-field Dual-cathode DC Unbalanced Reactive Magnetron Sputtering without External Substrate Heating

Wuttichai Phae-ngam — 2024-09-01

High deposition rate titanium hafnium nitride (TiHfN) ultra-thin film deposition was successfully prepared by closed-field dual-cathode DC unbalanced reactive magnetron sputtering. All prepared films were polycrystalline. The morphology and atomic composition of the TiHfN ultra-thin film were characterized by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The columnar structure could be promoted by increasing the deposition time. Lastly, the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) activity was investigated by Rhodamine 6G (R6G) drop-dried TiHfN ultra-thin film surface. The TiHfN ultra-thin films deposited at 20 s were found to have a high SERS activity, whose detection of R6G molecule at 10^-5 M. The result could open preliminary studies on ternary transition metal nitride (TTMN) thin films for the alternative plasmonic sensors as SERS chips.

Evolution Pattern of Land Subsidence Using InSAR Time-Series Analysis in Bangkapi, Bangkok, Thailand

Angkana Pumpuang — 2024-09-01

Subsidence in Bangkok has occurred continuously for a long time. This research applied radar satellite imagery (Sentinel-1 101 images, 2017–2022) to track land subsidence using the time series INSAR technique. The study area was in the Bang Kapi area in Bangkok, which has a high level of cumulative subsidence. The pattern of cumulative subsidence change was analyzed using the standard deviation ellipse (SDE) technique. The results showed that the Bang Kapi area had the highest cumulative subsidence in 2019 (-125.31 mm). The movement of the subsidence center changed every year in different directions with three patterns identifiable. The first pattern showed the evolution of subsidence in a northeast-southwest direction, the second pattern showed subsidence evolution in a northwest-southeast direction, and the third pattern presented evolution that did not appear to be in any specific direction. The size of the subsidence area in 2017 and 2022 increased, whereas between 2018 and 2021, the subsidence area decreased compared to other years during the research period.

A Surrogate Model's Decision Tree Method Evaluation for Uncertainty Quantification on a Finite Element Structure via a Fuzzy-Random Approach

Mohamad Syazwan Zafwan bin Mohamad Suffian — 2024-09-01

A novel additive manufacturing method (AM)) constructs a three-dimensional model from a computer-aided design by adding material layer by layer. This technique produces a lightweight end product with complex geometries and has gained recognition among industrial players. Nonetheless, the mechanical properties and geometry components are the uncertainties that prevail in its structures. An alternative approach using the Finite Element Method (FEM) to analyse these uncertainties demands extensive computational effort and time consumption. Therefore, a machine learning (ML) tool using the surrogate modelling technique offers an alternative way to provide and predict simulation outcomes. This study applies two surrogate modeling approaches, the decision tree (DT) and the Gaussian process regression (GPR) methods. Output data from a FEM simulation with uncertainty elements are obtained for the training purposes of the surrogate models. Both ML methods can predict simulation results with high precision. Both approaches obtained an excellent coefficient of determination value, R² of 0.998, and Root Mean Square Error, RMSE of 0.012, successfully reducing time consumption and computational effort. The DT method shows better robustness when compared to the GPR method. A value change in the input parameter significantly impacts the surrogate model's prediction performance. An adequate quantity of data input for the training phase of both surrogate models exhibits the FEM results with the presence of uncertainty and robustness.

Assessment of Nutritional, Physiochemical, Antioxidant and Sensory Properties of Seasoning Powder Containing Asplenium unilaterale Lam

Thidarat Somdee — 2024-09-01

The current study used Asplenium unilaterale Lam. with a natural alternative to monosodium glutamate (MSG) , along with plant mixtures to develop a seasoning powder. Four formulations (2-8 w/w of A. unilaterale Lam.) were characterized. Furthermore, the nutritional, physiochemical, amino acid profiles, antioxidant, and sensory properties were determined. The ash and carbohydrate content differed significantly among the four seasoning powders containing different concentrations of A. unilaterale Lam. The protein content significantly increased in seasoning powders as the A. unilaterale Lam. content increased.. The developed products had a water activity range of 0.33–0.40, and the color value ranges, L*, a*, and b*, were 60.42–78.38, 1.14–4.53, and 8.49–13.81, respectively. High concentrations of the non-essential amino acids aspartic acid and glutamic acid were observed, causing an umami taste that increased with A. unilaterale Lam. content. The highest antioxidant properties were measured in the sample with added A. unilaterale Lam. content. The sensory scores in taste for Sample D (8 w/w of A. unilaterale Lam.) received the highest scores, but the overall acceptability of the samples did not significantly vary. Therefore, this seasoning powder potentially has flavor and nutritional properties that provide health benefits and could be used as an alternative plant-derived seasoning product.

Comparative Study: Extraction Conditions and Antioxidant and Antibacterial activities of Gracilaria fisheri

Ratchakrich Patthamasopasakul — 2024-09-01

Gracilaria fisheri (G. fisheri), sourced from the southern region of Thailand and recognized for its sulfated polysaccharides with diverse health benefits, underwent extraction under varying conditions by adjusting the ratio of water to ethanol and the duration of maceration. Six extraction conditions were systematically investigated, and their yields of extraction, sulfate content, antioxidant activity, and antimicrobial activity were compared. Among the conditions examined, the extraction utilizing solely water for a duration of 2 hrs. yielded the highest quantity (7.20±0.99 g) and highest sulfate content (215.86±2.67 µg/10 mg of crude extract). Furthermore, this extraction exhibited superior antioxidant activity as evidenced by the lowest IC₅₀ values in DPPH (4.75±0.05 µg/mL) and ABTS (31.75±0.22 µg/mL) assays. Additionally, the extracts (10 mg/mL) manifested significant efficacy in inhibiting the growth of both Staphylococcus aureus (16.28±4.75 mm) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (15.33±3.27 mm) in comparison with the standard antibiotic, ciprofloxacin (5 µg), which exhibited inhibition zone diameters of 20.47±0.70 mm (Staphylococcus aureus) and 30.91±0.80 mm (Staphylococcus epidermidis). In conclusion, the most effective method for extracting G. fisheri is to solely utilize water for a duration of 2 hrs.

Development of Enteric Diclofenac Sodium Microparticles Through a Spray-Drying Process Facilitated by Different Aqueous Dispersion Systems

Kanokporn Burapapadh — 2024-09-01

The objective of this study was to prepare enteric diclofenac sodium microparticles using an aqueous dispersion system via spray-drying. Two aqueous-based solvent systems, phosphate buffer at pH 7.0 and ammonium hydrogen carbonate solution, were employed as the feed dispersion media in the spray-drying process based on the solubility characteristics of Eudragit^® L100. At a drug-to-polymer ratio of 1:1, the optimal solids concentration in the feed dispersion was determined to be 2% w/v, as it enabled an approximately 5-30 µm smooth-surfaced spherical microparticle with a high production yield. Diclofenac sodium was efficiently encapsulated within the microparticles, existing as solid dispersion in a partially amorphous form. Notably, the spray-drying conditions utilized in this study obviated the need for further heating for microparticles prepared using ammonium hydrogen carbonate solution, as the residual ammonium could be completely eliminated during the spray-drying process. The two-stage biorelevant drug release profile of enteric microparticles demonstrated their ability to inhibit drug dissolution under acidic conditions while facilitating drug release under basic conditions. The phosphate buffer-based microparticles exhibited greater protection efficiency under acidic conditions compared to ammonium hydrogen carbonate-based systems, despite residual alkaline salt being present in the microparticles. These results validate the potential of the developed microparticles for use as an enteric drug delivery system.

Phytochemical Content, Antioxidant and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activities of Gynostemma pentaphyllum and Gymnema inodorum Extracts

Titi Phanjaroen — 2024-09-01

The prevention of hyperglycemia and diabetic complications is essential for diabetes management. Chronic hyperglycemia accelerates the glycation process, increasing advanced glycation end products (AGEs), triggering oxidative stress, and inflammation, thereby causing adverse diabetic complications. Anti-hyperglycemic and antioxidant properties are described for Gynostemma pentaphyllum (GP) and Gymnema inodorum (GI). With the hypothesis that combined therapy may exert better benefits compared to monotherapy, this study aimed to investigate the anti-diabetic and antioxidant activities of combined GP and GI formulas. Plants were extracted with hot water extraction and subjected to testing of anti-α-glucosidase and antioxidant activities, as well as total phenolic content. The extract formula of GP:GI (1:1, w/w) exhibited the highest total phenolic content, and ABTS radical scavenging activity, with values of 4.16 ± 0.21 mg GAE/g extract and 5.06 ± 0.46 mg TE/g extract, respectively. In addition, the combination of GP and GI extracts at ratios of (1:1, w/w) and (2:1, w/w) demonstrated inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase, reducing its activity by 30.40% and 34.04%, respectively. This property was found to be higher, compared to the activity of a single GP or GI treatment at the same concentration. Thus, results indicated that combining aqueous extracts from Gynostemma pentaphyllum and Gymnema inodorum has better antioxidant and anti-diabetic properties. This study supports the use of a combined GP:GI formula as a therapeutic remedy for controlling complications in individuals with hyperglycemia.

Optimizing Lung Cancer Diagnosis with Machine Learning and Feature Selection Methods

Suejit Pechprasarn — 2024-09-01

Lung cancer is a prevalent disease, with nearly 238,000 new cases diagnosed in 2023. This study utilizes clinical predictors from a Kaggle dataset containing 309 observations across 15 variables to aid in lung cancer diagnosis. The variables include swallowing difficulty, peer pressure, gender, allergy, yellow fingers, anxiety, wheezing, alcohol consumption, chronic disease, chest pain, coughing, fatigue, smoking, age, and shortness of breath. The research aims to develop and compare various supervised machine learning models for classifying and predicting lung cancer, while also identifying key clinical tests and parameters using unsupervised statistical models. The dataset was divided into training and test sets, balanced, and preprocessed for unbiased training. Feature selection and machine learning models were applied to identify crucial predictors. The study explored tree models, logistic regression, Naïve Bayes, support vector machine (SVM), ensemble, neural network, and kernel models. Among these, the linear SVM achieved the highest accuracy of 93.75% with 5-fold cross-validation. However, it showed overfitting, with a lower test accuracy of 82.55%. The Gaussian Naïve Bayes model emerged as the optimal choice, providing consistent performance between validation and test cases. It achieved the highest cross-validation classification accuracy of 82.81% using only 9 variables: swallowing difficulty, peer pressure, gender, allergy, yellow fingers, anxiety, wheezing, alcohol consumption, and chronic disease. This model allows for effective training with fewer predictors without compromising classification

Comparison of Serum Vitamins C, D, and E in Iraqi Colorectal Cancer Patients with and without Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease to Healthy Individuals

Yasir H. Sabah — 2024-09-01

Abstract

Depending on their protective properties against different cases of Colorectal Cancer (CRC), vitamins C, D, and E are the main focus of this research. CRC is one of the global public health concerns. 30 healthy individuals provided serum samples, whereas the group of CRC patients was divided into three, totaling 90 individuals. Group I consisted of 30 newly diagnosed cases of CRC. Group II 30 consisted of consisted of 30 CRC patients who were administered three cycles of chemotherapy. Group III consisted of 30 diagnosed CRC patients who also have non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The concentrations and groups of vitamins C, D, and E were evaluated using ELISA. The levels of Vitamin C were significantly lower (p <0.0001) in individuals newly diagnosed with CRC, as compared to the control group. Patients who were recently diagnosed and treated for CRC and NAFLD exhibited comparable amounts of vitamin C. The level of vitamin E in control, newly diagnosed CRC and treated CRC patients displayed no significant differences, however comparing with newly diagnosed patients that suffered NAFLD, a significant decrease (p = 0.0014) in the level of vitamin E in CRC with NAFLD group was. The levels of Vitamin D in all groups of patients with colorectal cancer were significantly lower than those in the control group (p <0.0001). Colon cancer patients exhibited significantly decreased levels of vitamin C and D compared to healthy individuals. Vitamins showed potential as diagnostic markers for distinguishing between groups. It is necessary to analyze these findings as the level of serum vitamins may have potential use in the prognosis of the CRC in patients.

Genomic Data Fusion using Paillier Cryptosystem

Shobha P. — 2024-09-01

The proposed work performs secure data fusion using homomorphic encryption, specifically the Paillier cryptosystem. The Paillier cryptosystem allows computation to be performed on encrypted data without decrypting it first, thus ensuring the privacy and security of the computation. The experiment measures the algorithm's performance based on execution time, memory usage, security, accuracy, and scalability. The data-level Paillier cryptosystem approach is generally slower than the feature-level fusion method due to its more complex operations and computations. Scalability is limited by the time required for encryption, homomorphic addition, and decryption. Improving scalability can be achieved by parallelizing the encryption and decryption steps, optimizing the homomorphic addition algorithm, or using more efficient cryptographic primitives. The article compares the performance of the Paillier cryptosystem with differential privacy in terms of their advantages and disadvantages. By adopting a preemptive approach to data fusion security, healthcare organizations can minimize the risk of data breaches and protect patient privacy. Data fusion security is an important factor when dealing with medical records. In the field of medical records, data fusion refers to the method of combining multiple sources of data into a distinct record. This can include data from electronic health records (EHRs), medical imaging devices, wearable devices, and other sources. There are several security considerations that must be addressed when fusing data from multiple sources.

Preparation and Analysis of Physicochemical Properties, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Kombucha Tea Produced from Beijing Bamboo Leaf Tea (Dendrocalamus sp.) and Green Tea

Ananthaya Sansawat — 2024-09-01

Beijing bamboo (Dendrocalamus sp.), belonging to the Poaceae family, has been largely neglected and underutilized, particularly its leaves. This study aims to investigate the physicochemical properties, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of Beijing bamboo leaf and Beijing bamboo leaf kombucha. Hot air drying was conducted at temperatures of 60, 65, and 70ºC, with results indicating that 65ºC is the optimal drying temperature for achieving the highest levels of total phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and antioxidant activities. Beijing bamboo leaf tea underwent a 21-day fermentation process with a kombucha consortium comprising yeasts and acetic acid bacteria. The results showed that the changing trends of pH, total acidity, and total soluble solids were similar between kombucha produced from Beijing bamboo leaf tea and green tea. Fermentation notably enhanced the antioxidant activity of the kombucha, as evidenced by DPPH and FRAP assays, which correlated with increases in phenolics and flavonoids. The antimicrobial efficacy was assessed through the agar diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), revealing that both Beijing bamboo leaf tea and green tea suppressed the growth of pathogenic bacteria, including Salmonella Typhimurium DMST 562, E. coli DMST 4242, Bacillus cereus DMST 5040, Staphylococcus aureus DMST 8840, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa DMST 4739. Notably, kombucha from green tea exhibited superior antimicrobial effects compared to Beijing bamboo leaf tea kombucha. Additionally, fermentation of Beijing bamboo leaf tea resulted in higher counts of yeast, acetic acid bacteria, and lactic acid bacteria throughout the fermentation process than those observed in green tea kombucha. These findings highlight the potential of Beijing bamboo leaves as a valuable resource for developing functional properties in underutilized plant resources, offering promising applications in the food and health industries.

Stem cells of Impatiens tinctoria A.Rich tuber and antioxidant activity of their extracts

Gizachew Haile Gidamo — 2024-09-01

The use of plant stem cell extracts as active ingredients in cosmetic formulations has gained popularity recently, highlighting the need to establish Impatiens tinctoria A. Rich in vitro cultures in order to prepare bioactive stem cell extracts. This study is aimed at establishing cell suspension culture and evaluates the antioxidant activity of the stem cell extract. In order to initiate callus and cell suspension cultures, tuber explants were inoculated onto Murashige and Skoog (MS) media containing 2,4-D (0.5–2 mg/L) and BAP (0–2 mg/L). Optimal hormone concentrations of 2 mg/L 2,4-D and 1.5 mg/L BAP were sufficient to produce callus. The obtained callus was utilized as the inoculum to start a cell suspension culture for the production of stem cell extracts. High biomass accumulation was obtained at 30 g/L sucrose concentration and 6g inoculum size. The stem cell extract had a total phenolic content of 4.6 µgGAE/mL and a flavonoid content of 190.96 µgQE/mL. DPPH scavenging activity of 95.82% and the IC50 value of 37.54 µg/mL was detected for the stem cell extract. The study indicated that the suspension cultures of I. tinctoria A. Rich have the potential to produce stem cell extracts with increased flavonoids content and antioxidant activity.

Designing a Low-Cost Force Plate for Postural Assessment

Thipsuda Banyam — 2024-09-01

The purpose of this study was to develop a pair of single-pedestal types with a low-cost and user-friendly force plate for assessing ground reaction force (GRF), center of pressure (COP), and plantar pressure distribution (PPD). These parameters are crucial for assessing human movement and maintaining body balance. The load cells were tested with standard weights of 5, 10, 15, and 20 kg. Using linear regression, the analysis showed a strong linear relationship between the load cell output and the standard weight, with an R-squared value of 0.99. Furthermore, the error margin was determined to be less than +/- 5%. In the initial equipment assessment, a healthy female was evaluated the posture under both eye-open and eye-closed conditions through three sets of measurements. The results showed about a two-fold change in the COP parameter, possibly due to swaying when the eyes were closed. Additionally, the PPD parameter revealed varying foot weight distribution levels, even though the GRF values were almost the same. The equipment's graphic user interface (GUI) provides real-time graphical representations for GRF, COP, and PPD, aiding in training effectiveness for enhancing postural assessment under professional guidance. In future studies, we plan to use the developed equipment to observe its effectiveness by measuring a larger and more diverse population.

Physicochemical Properties, Heavy Metal and Pesticide Contaminations, and Microbial Limit Tests of Cannabis Oral Drops

Natawat Chankana — 2024-09-01

Cannabis, a medicinal herb renowned for its therapeutic potential, is utilized in the treatment of various ailments, including the stimulation of appetite in cancer patients. In Thailand, the predominant dosage form is oral drops; however, the absence of robust quality control measures for these products poses significant health risks to patients. The primary objectives of this study were to formulate and evaluate cannabis oral drops, with a comprehensive evaluation encompassing physicochemical properties such as appearance, pH, Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol, and cannabidiol contents. Furthermore, heavy metals (specifically arsenic, cadmium, and lead), pesticides (including pyrethroids, organochlorines, organophosphates, and carbamates), and microbial contaminations (Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium spp., and Salmonella spp.) were evaluated. The results revealed that the optimal formulation, comprising cannabis extract derived from supercritical carbon dioxide fluid, vitamin E acetate, and medium-chain triglyceride oil, exhibited a pH of approximately 4.0, a Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol content of approximately 27 mg/mL, and a cannabidiol content of approximately 9 mg/mL. Furthermore, there were no heavy metals or pesticides detected. Microbial limit tests demonstrated the absence of Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium spp., and Salmonella spp. In conclusion, this endeavor successfully achieved the development of high-quality cannabis oral drops, showcasing the potential for safe and therapeutic use.

Effect of Defatted Rice Bran Content on Physicochemical and Sensory Properties of Edible Cutlery Made from Rice Flour Green Composites using Compression Molding

Theerarat Yodkum — 2024-09-01

The optical properties, moisture content, water activity, water absorption, mechanical properties, morphological observations, and sensory properties of edible spoons made from rice flour and rice flour green composites were investigated. The rice flour green composites were prepared with different weight ratios of rice flour and defatted rice bran as 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, and 25:75 by compression molding at 150°C at a fixed pressure of 9 bar for 7 min. Increasing the weight proportion of defatted rice bran in rice flour green composites resulted in higher lightness values, yellowness values, and water absorption, but redness values and moisture content decreased. Weight proportions of defatted rice bran in rice flour green composites up to 50 improved mechanical properties (both Izod impact and flexural strength). The cross-sectional surface after flexural testing of rice flour spoons was smooth, whereas rice flour green composite spoons were rough. Sensory properties of rice flour green composite spoons showed reduced appearance scores, color scores, texture scores, and overall preference scores but odor scores increased compared with rice flour spoons. Maximum compression force of rice flour green composite spoons increased with increasing weight proportion of defatted rice bran. An increase in maximum compression force measured by the mechanical testing equipment was related to a decrease in texture scores. Spoons made from rice flour and rice flour green composites showed promise as single-use edible cutlery and packaging.

Effects of Harvest Time on Medicinal Qualities of Hemp

Rattanaporn Rattanapakdee — 2024-09-01

Harvest time impacts the physicochemical properties of hemp. This study investigated the relationship between harvest time on growth parameters, physiological parameter, and color, in addition to Cannabidiol (CBD), Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and Cannabigerol (CBG) concentrations. Siskiyou cannabis was harvested at 5 different stages after flowering 50% at week five to week nine. The rational explanation for stages on growth parameters, physiological parameters, color, and total physiochemical properties was found, while total color changes ranged from brightness (L*) decreased gradually from 66.06 at 5 weeks to a minimum of 16.14 at 9 weeks of flowering. On the contrary, the redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) increased from –0.65 and 8.95 at 5 weeks to their peak values of 19.99 and 34.24 at 9 weeks, respectively. The hue also decreased from 110.03 at 5 weeks to a minimum of 80.14 at 9 weeks, with samples being significantly (p <0.05) different. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) was higher than 1 % at week 5, which was lower than their Cannabidiol (CBD) concentrations, reaching 14.35% at week 8. Cannabigerol (CBG) in dried samples reached 2.01% at week 7. The average dry weight of inflorescence per plant peaked at 36.75 g in week 8 and week 9 respectively. Significant differences in Crop Growth Rate (CGR) were noted across the harvesting periods, notably 17.13 and 16.70 g cm⁻² day⁻¹ at weeks 8 and 9, respectively, representing the highest dry weight accumulation per unit area. This increase in dry weight accumulation indicates higher efficiency. Finally, the Harvest Index (HI) showed notable discrepancies among the post-flowering harvesting times, with the greatest total dry weight observed at 0.357 and 0.345 at weeks 8 and 9, respectively. These findings could be of industrial relevance for improving post-harvest processes while maintaining the quality of this regulated crop.

Thai Currency Classification Application for Visually Impaired Persons

Wiyada Yawai — 2024-09-01

This research presents an application designed to assist visually impaired individuals in identifying Thai banknotes and coins. The application utilizes image processing and machine learning techniques, specifically a Convolutional Neural Network with ResNet101 architecture, to accurately classify 11 types of Thai currency. It is designed for offline use on smartphones, providing real-time audio and text output to enhance accessibility and understanding for users with visual impairments. The dataset includes 2,593 images of Thai banknotes and coins, split into 80% for training and 20% for testing. The application employs the trained model to conduct real-world tests using a smartphone camera, testing with actual banknotes and coins, achieving an average accuracy of 92.73%.

Quantitative Thin Layer Chromatography Analysis, Antioxidant, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Polyherbal Formulation (Ammarit-Osot) Extracts

Thaniya Wunnakup — 2024-09-01

This study was carried out to develop a TLC method for quantifying one of bioactive, piperine, from polyherbal formulation (Ammarit-Osot) extracts. The extracts were prepared by different solvents such as methanol (ME) and water (WE). The mobile phase of toluene:acetone:formic acid (7:2:1, v/v/v) was used for separation. The calibration curve showed a good linearity (r² = 0.9972) in the range of 50 – 500 ng/spot. This assay was assessed by intra-and interday precision (RSD 0.25 – 2.49%), and accuracy (101.05 – 101.56 %). The piperine content was found to be 23.06 ± 0.06 and 0.44 ± 0.03% w/w for ME and WE, respectively. Both ME and WE demonstrated significant activity in DPPH and FRAP assays, indicating their antioxidant potential. The TPC of ME and WE were 53.40 ± 2.21 and 101.18 ± 0.46 (mg GAE/g extract), respectively. The TFC of ME and WE were 43.35 ± 3.94 and 25.31 ± 1.74 (mg catechin/g extract), respectively. In addition, the cytotoxicity of extracts on RAW264.7 was investigated by MTT assay. The ME and piperine showed IC₅₀ with 162.40 ± 7.84 and 115.68 ± 11.96 µg/mL, respectively. While the WE exhibited low cytotoxicity (IC₅₀ > 1,000 µg/mL), the anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by LPS-stimulated NO overproduction. The ME and piperine displayed the ability to inhibit NO production, but WE not inhibited. The results indicated that the different solvent extracts of Ammarit-Osot have the potential to be antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immune-stimulate agent.

Comparative Effects of HPP and Irradiation on Plant-Based Whole Hard-Boiled Eggs

Yupakanit Puangwerakul — 2024-09-01

This study compared the effects of high-pressure processing (HPP) and irradiation on the shelf life and quality of plant-based whole hard-boiled eggs. The objective was to determine the optimal treatment doses for microbial inactivation and shelf life, and to assess their impacts on the product's physical, chemical, and sensory properties. Irradiation treatments were applied at 0, 2, 3.5, and 5 kGy, while HPP was conducted at 0, 300, 400, and 500 MPa. Post-treatment analysis included assessments of physical, chemical, and microbial quality, focusing on Clostridium perfringens, and sensory evaluations using a 9-point hedonic scale. Shelf life was predicted using accelerated shelf-life testing (ASLT) at 40°C and 50°C, employing the temperature acceleration factor (Q₁₀) and temperature quotient (Q₁). Results showed that gamma irradiation at 3.5 kGy and electron beam irradiation at 5 kGy both provided a predicted shelf life of 217 days, while HPP at 500 MPa resulted in a predicted shelf life of 146 days. All treatments initially eliminated microorganisms effectively, but HPP showed potential for spore germination during extended storage. Sensory evaluations indicated that electron beam irradiation and HPP better maintained product quality compared to gamma irradiation at higher doses. This study provides valuable insights for food manufacturers seeking to enhance the safety and quality of plant-based egg alternatives using non-thermal processing methods.

Effect of Vernonia Cinerea Water Extract on the Protection of Liver Tissue in Chronic Nicotine-Treated Rats

Chamaiporn Promputta — 2024-09-01

Nicotine, a highly toxic alkaloid found in tobacco, is known for its addictive properties and systemic side effects, including carcinogenic potential and multi-organ damage. Recent evidence indicates that nicotine can significantly impair liver function and regeneration by promoting fibrogenesis and oxidative stress. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of Vernonia cinerea (VC) against nicotine-induced liver damage in Wistar rats, focusing on inflammation and pro-fibrosis markers. Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: a control group, a nicotine group (1 mg/kg/day), and a nicotine plus VC group (1 mg/kg/day nicotine and 100 mg/kg/day VC). Liver tissues were examined using Hematoxylin and Eosin staining, and Masson's trichrome staining to evaluate histological changes. Kupffer cell counts were determined using a Panoramic digital slide scanner. Statistical analyses were conducted to compare the groups. Nicotine exposure led to significant liver damage, characterized by increased inflammation, collagen deposition, and disruption of liver architecture. VC supplementation ameliorated these effects, reducing inflammation and fibrosis markers. Kupffer cell counts were lower in the nicotine plus VC group compared to the nicotine group alone. Conclusion: VC demonstrates a protective role in mitigating nicotine-induced liver damage, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic agent for preventing liver fibrosis and maintaining liver health in nicotine-exposed individuals.

Using Genetic Algorithms and Bézier Curves for Automatic Path Optimization of a 6-DOF Robot

Xuan-Vinh Nguyen — 2024-09-01

This paper describes a novel method for automatically planning point-to-point motion paths for a robot with six degrees of freedom (6-DOF). A linear motion path between two points on such robots may be impractical due to joint angle constraints or exceeding the manipulator's operational range. The proposed method employs a genetic algorithm to generate suitable motion paths based on the second-, third-, and fourth-orders of Bézier curves. The control points of Bézier curves are determined using a genetic algorithm, which can adjust the fitness function as the end-effector moves closer to the obstacle. As a result, the algorithm can adjust its motion path planning in response to obstacles. The motion paths are generated with the goal of optimizing the robot's inverse kinematic configuration. The results show that using a genetic algorithm and Bézier curves can produce motion paths with smooth transitions, minimal changes in joint angles, and no sudden jerks within the robot's operational area in both obstacle-free and obstacle avoidance scenarios. This solution may be useful for intelligent robots with automated path-planning capabilities in unknown environments.

Enhancing Multi-Cloud Storage: A Hybrid Framework Using Interleaving and LT Codes

Tanagrit Chansaeng — 2024-09-01

This article presents a novel framework for enhancing the integrity and availability of data stored on multi-cloud storage systems. The proposed technique leverages a combination of interleaving and Luby transform (LT) codes, specifically employing either ideal or robust soliton distribution during the LT encoding stage. The proposed technique is rigorously designed, incorporating data preparation facilitated by a cloud broker and culminating in the measurement of key performance indicators (KPIs). A central component of the framework is data processing, which involves interleaving followed by the LT encoding with soliton distribution selection. The performance of the proposed technique is evaluated through data integrity, data availability, and others. The results demonstrate that using the robust soliton distribution offers a pragmatic balance between computational efficiency and robust data integrity, particularly crucial in dynamic multi-cloud environments. Additionally, the proposed technique achieves a high level of data integrity of more than 0.97 and strong resilience with average data availability of 98%. However, further optimization is necessary to address storage overhead, retrieval time, and computational overhead. Despite these considerations, the framework remains significant, especially within the context of confidentiality, integrity, and availability for multi-cloud storage protection. The proposed technique underscores the potential of integrating interleaving and LT codes to revolutionize data storage and access within cloud environments, paving the way for future innovations in the field.

Infection Prevention Elements Streptococcus suis using One Health System Health Zone 2, Thailand

Chaowalit Fakfai — 2024-09-01

This study assesses the effectiveness of the One Health System in preventing Streptococcus suis infections in Health Zone 2. Utilizing an exploratory sequential mixed-method approach, the research integrates in-depth interviews with affected individuals and specialists with a survey of 375 disease control practitioners. Analysis revealed a comprehensive set of factors critical to infection prevention, broadly categorized under human, swine, and environmental domains. Significant human-related factors include hygiene practices among swine workers and the influence of behaviors and personal beliefs on disease risk. In the swine domain, management practices before slaughter and during raising significantly impact safety measures against Streptococcus suis. Environmental factors such as sanitation and local regulations also play crucial roles in disease prevention. These findings suggest that targeted improvements across these domains can considerably enhance prevention strategies. The study underscores the need for a dynamic, adaptable prevention model and proposes longitudinal research to further investigate these strategies across more diverse geographic areas.

Application of Metal Oxides Nanoparticles to Enhance Ultraviolet Light Resistance of Polyvinyl Chloride Films

Ahmed K. Hussein — 2024-09-01

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) films were chemically modified by including organic groups, amino group of ethylenediamine (en), and furtherly treated with aromatic aldehyde. The modification process included synthesizing the films by casting utilizing tetrahydrofuran (THF) as the solvent. The films were enriched with five metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs), specifically: TiO₂, Co₂O₃, Cr₂O_3,NiO and CuO, in order to enhance their resistance to photodegradation. The films were subjected to UV light. The resulting damage was assessed both analytically and morphologically. The methods used for examination of the chemical structure comprised FT-IR, ¹H-NMR, and ¹³C-NMR spectroscopies. SEM and AFM were utilized to test the morphology of polymeric films. The efficiency of the modified PVC films to resist UV light was assessed by measuring the roughness factor (Rq) of the irradiated PVC films. The incorporation of NPs into the modified PVC resulted in films with high resistance to UV light, as confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy and weight loss measurement. The film made from modified PVC/Schiff base CuO NPs showed superior resistance to photo-degradation, as evidenced by the findings obtained from FT-IR spectra, surface morphological analysis, and weight loss.

Modeling of an Adaptive HHO Gas Controller Based on Fuzzy Logic and Polynomial Function Controls to Improve Engine Torque of Gasoline Engine

Raden Agustinus Suwodjo — 2024-09-01

Typical hydrogen-hydrogen-oxygen gas (HHO) usage to improve gasoline engine performance refers to the fixed HHO flow rate method, providing 0.25‒0.5 liters/minute of HHO for every 1000 cc engine size. However, the arising hypothesis expresses that the fixed HHO flow rate method does not optimally improve engine torque for various loads. The research objective is to propose an adaptive HHO gas controller that manages the HHO generator to produce an appropriate HHO flow rate for engine operation by adapting to load and engine speed variations. Hence, the engine torque improvement optimally occurs for various loads. The adaptive HHO controller combines fuzzy logic and polynomial function controls involving real-time engine data, such as mass airflow (MAF), air-fuel ratio (AFR), and the commanded AFR from the engine control unit (ECU), whose values vary with load and engine speed. A system simulation based on Matlab-Simulink investigates engine performance improvement due to the controller. The results show that the adaptive HHO flow rate due to the proposed adaptive HHO controller improves engine torque during small, medium, and big-loaded engine operations, respectively, by 1.5%‒4.7%, 6.8%‒26.8%, and 21.1%‒72.8% depending on engine speed 2500 rpm‒4000 rpm) and the commanded AFR (12.6‒15.4). Conversely, under the same condition, the fixed HHO flow rate with 0.75 liters/minute HHO for a 1500 cc engine, used for comparison, improves the engine torque by 0%‒0.6%, 0.3%‒14.2%, and 9.3%‒50.1%, respectively. The data show that the adaptive HHO controller provides better improvement. Moreover, the adaptive HHO controller improves engine thermal efficiency and reduces AFR error against the commanded AFR.

Optimal Design of a Bandpass Cavity Filter with WR229 Input/Output by Integrating the Coupling Matrix Technique with the Trust-Region Framework

Hoang Anh Dang — 2024-09-01

This study introduces a bandpass waveguide cavity filter designed for the C-band, centered at 3925 MHz. The design employs an efficient method that integrates two techniques: coupling matrix synthesis and the Trust-Region Framework algorithm for optimization. This combined approach provides a good balance between model simplicity and efficiency while maintaining the robustness and accuracy of the designed filter. Simulation results indicate that the filter achieves a return loss of |S11| ≤ -20 dB and an insertion loss of |S21| ≥ -0.05 dB. Additionally, the filter demonstrates a rejection level of -50.6 dB at 3000 MHz and -21.9 dB at 5000 MHz. The optimized filter’s dimensions in the simulation are 140 × 58.17 × 29.21 mm.

Identification of Indigenous Bacterial Strains from Thai Agricultural Fields for Potential Bioremediation of Carbofuran

Acharawan Thongmee — 2024-09-01

This study explored the bioremediation potential of indigenous soil bacteria for carbofuran-contaminated agricultural areas. Twenty soil samples from regions with a history of pesticide use in Pathum Thani and Nakhon Pathom provinces, Thailand, were collected. Five bacterial strains capable of degrading carbofuran were isolated and subjected to cell morphology and biochemical analyses. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences identified these strains as related to Pseudomonas and Stenotrophomonas species. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis confirmed the complete degradation of carbofuran within 3 days, reducing its concentration from 0.05 mg/mL to below detectable limits. These bacteria could use carbofuran as their sole carbon source, demonstrating their potential for bioremediation of contaminated soils. Given their resilience and ability to thrive in natural environmental conditions, these indigenous strains are well-suited for in-situ degradation of pollutants. The findings indicate that these isolated soil bacteria present a promising method for reducing the environmental risks associated with carbofuran contamination.

Comprehensive Insight into the Failure Mechanisms, Modes, and Material Selection of Steam Turbine Blades

Nur Syahirah Zainuddin — 2024-09-01

Addressing the critical issue of turbine blade failures, particularly in steam turbine systems, this comprehensive review delves into examining and analyzing various failure mechanisms associated with steam turbine blades. The discussion extends to the mode utilized in investigating these failures, with a specific focus on the crucial role of steam turbines in power generation. The review synthesizes various studies that have explored suitable blade materials for optimized performance and reduced failure risks. Findings reveal common failures such as thermal stress, mechanical stress, corrosion, erosion, fatigue, and creep in turbine blades and hubs. Consequently, the review serves as a valuable resource, providing insights into failure mechanisms and advocating for the implementation of suitable materials to enhance the reliability and performance of steam turbine blades.